class 17

Question 1

what is qualitative research

Answer 1

a systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning
-flexible and evolving yet systematic and precise process that requires high skill in conceptualization, imaginative reasoning and elegant expression

Question 2

qualitative research and causality

Answer 2

-useful in understanding human experience
-many qualitative researchers contend that the evidence hierachy is problematic
-often placed at the base
-qualitative argued to be valuable in exploring/establishing causality in some cases

Question 3

the purpose of qualitative research, key words in a qualitative title

Answer 3

explore, examine, develop, describe

Question 4

the logic of qualitative research

Answer 4

-focuses on understanding the whole
-consistent with holistic philosophy of nursing
-means of exploring depth, richness, and complexity of phenomena

Question 5

characteristics of qualitative research

Answer 5

-design is flexible and elastic
-uses various methods
-holistic
-focus is on understanding, not making predictions
-requires researcher to become intensely involved
-considers other ways of knowing (i.e. cultural aspects used)
-generally inductive
-researcher cannot stay detached and objective
-ongoing data analysis
-pushes researcher to develop a model of “what is going on”
-researcher’s role and perceptions incorporated

Question 6

reality within qualitative design

Answer 6

-there is no single reality
-reality is based on perception and is different for each person
-a person’s perception of reality changed over time

Question 7

frameworks for qualitative studies

Answer 7

-frameworks used in a different sense in qualitative
-goal of qual is not testing a theory
-goal may be theory development
-each type of qual res is guided by a particular philosophical stance
-NO hypothesis in qual, only “goals”
-no external validity

Question 8

philosophical base of a qualitative study directs:

Answer 8

-questions asked
-observations made
-approach to interpretation of data

Question 9

findings from qualitative studies

Answer 9

-meaning of a phenomenon
-can give insight that can be applied more broadly
-inform nursing practice
-aid in theory development for building nursing knowledge

Question 10

approaches to qualitative research

Answer 10

-interpretive descriptive
-ethnography
-phenomenology
-grounded theory
-historical
-critical
-feminist

Question 11

ethnography approach to QR

Answer 11

-developed by anthropologists
-study of cultures
-seeks to understand people->ways of living, believing, adapting

Question 12

interpretive descriptive approach to QR

Answer 12

-aligns with constructivist and naturalistic oreintation to inquiry
-often utilized to generate knowledge relevant for the clinical context

Question 13

goal of interpretive descriptive approach

Answer 13

-to address complex experiential questions while producing practical outcomes

Question 14

focus of interpretive descriptive approach

Answer 14

-systematic and rigarous approaches to data colletion (generation) and analysis
-using open-ended exploratory questions
-coming to a descriptive-interpretive understanding of experiences and observations by carefully representing their meaning
-reflexivity on the part of the researcher

Question 15

ethnographic philosophy - culture

Answer 15

-a way of life belonging yo a designated group of people
-guides a group’s thoughts, actions, and sentiments
-all the accumulated ways a group of people solve problems
-reflected in language, dress, food, traditions, customs

Question 16

ethnographic philosophy - material culture

Answer 16

all created objects

Question 17

ethnographic philosophy - nonmaterial culture

Answer 17

-symbols
-network of social relations
-beliefs
-ideals

Question 18

ethnographic research - purpose

Answer 18

-describe a culture
-study people’s origin, past ways of living, ways of surviving
-discover the many parts of a whole culture and how they are interrelated

Question 19

ethnonursing

Answer 19

-theory of transcultural nursing by leininger
-focuses on how daily life conditions and patterns influence human care, health, and nursing care practices

Question 20

ethnographic research methodology - ethnography

Answer 20

-identify culture to be studied
-identify significant variables in the culture
-review literature
-gain entrance
-immerse into culture
-acquire informants
-gather data
-analyze data
-describe culture
-possibly develop theory

Question 21

phenomenology approach

Answer 21

-both a philosophy and a research method
-purpose is to describe experiences as they are lived
-used a lot in nursing
-utilizes a convience sample

Question 22

phenomenological - philosophy

Answer 22

-the person is integral with the environment
-the world is shaped by and shapes the self
-reality is subjective: thus experiences are unique
-the researchers experiences are unique to him/her
-#’s arent as important as experiences

Question 23

phenomenological philosophy - truth

Answer 23

-is an interpretation of some phenomenon
-is temporal
-is cultural
-may be shared with others

Question 24

phenomenology & nursing theory

Answer 24

-parse (1981) theory of man-living-health (human becoming theory)
-Paterson & Zderad (1976) theory of humanistic nursing
-Watson (1985) theory of caring
-Benner (1984) from novice to expert

Question 25

descriptive vs interpretive phenomenology

Answer 25

descriptive: what do we know as a persons interpretive: goal:understandings

Question 26

phenomenology methods

Answer 26

-the only reliable source of information is the person -the person must interpret the action or experience for the researcher -the researcher must interpret the explanation provided by the person

Question 27

phenomenology - methodology

Answer 27

-identify the phenomenon to be explored -develop research question -identify sources of the phenomenon being studied and seek individuals willing to describe their experiences -collect data through observation, interview, videotape, or written description -analysis is initiated when data collection begins -meanings attached to the data are expressed within phenomenological philosophy -outcome of analysis is an understanding of the phenomen

Question 28

grounded theory

Answer 28

-based on symbolic interaction theory -explores how people define reality and how beliefs are related to actions -some common views with phenomenology -outcome is usually a theory

Question 29

grounded theory philosophy - reality

Answer 29

reality is created by attaching meanings to situations meaning is expressed in terms of symbols such as words, religious objects, and clothing

Question 30

grounded theory philosophy - symbolic meaning

Answer 30

basis for actions and interactions different for each individual -we cannot completely know the symbolic meanings of another individual

Question 31

examples of grounded theory research questions

Answer 31

what is going on? how are activities organized? what roles are evident? what are the steps in a process?

Question 32

outcome of grounded theory

Answer 32

-identification of patterns in life experiences of individuals -relates individual patterns to each other -generates a theory that explains a particular social world

Question 33

grounded theory - methodology

Answer 33

-identify the phenomenon to be explored -develop research questions -identify sources of the phenomen being studied and seek individuals willing to describe their experiences -steps occur simultaneously -data collection by interview, observation, records, or combination -large volume of data -data coded and categorized

Question 34

outcome of grounded theory

Answer 34

theory explaining the phenomenon

Question 35

historical research

Answer 35

-examines events pf the past -greatest value of historical knowledge is increased self-understanding -increases nurses' understanding of their profession

Question 36

historical philosophy

Answer 36

-one can learn from the past -search for wisdom in what has been, what is, and what ought to be

Question 37

historical nursing knowledge

Answer 37

-how can we plan where we are going when we don't know where we have been or how we got here -criterion of a profession-> there is a knowledge of the history of the profession that is transmitted to those entering the profession

Question 38

historical research - methodology

Answer 38

-formulate an idea -develop research questions -develop a inventory of sources (human, written, oral) -clarify validity and reliability of data -develop a research outline -conduct data collection and analysis

Question 39

critical research

Answer 39

considers issues of power, representation, and how knowledge is produced -try to create social change/disrupt the status quo

Question 40

feminist research

Answer 40

differs from traditional research -focus on empowering the subject; shifts power dynamic between research and the participant -critical in nature originally with a focus on the standpoints of women with consideration to the experiences of females -expanded beyond female focus

Question 41

feminist research - goals

Answer 41

-seeks to give a voice to vulnerable populations addressing social inequality -political-.to foster shifts in power dynamics -challenges gendered patriarchal systems -not all participants are females

Question 42

critical and feminist research

Answer 42

-truth is constructed through language and symbols -methods: interviews, focus groups, observation, visual arts based

Question 43

arts based visual research

Answer 43

data is generated through art ex: collage, video, photovoice, sculpture, etc

Question 44

qualitative research methodology

Answer 44

-select a topic -state problem & question -justify significance of the study -design the study -identify sources of data -ethical approval (except authoethnographic) -gain access to sources of data -select subjects for study -gather data and simultaneously describe, analyze, and interpret the data -develop a written report of results

Question 45

how qualitative methods are different

Answer 45

-selection of subjects -researcher participant relationships -data collection methods -data management -data analysis -interpretation