class 18-19

Question 1

selection of participants in qualitative research

Answer 1

-depends on the research being done
-subjects referred to as participants or informants
-may volunteer to be involved in the study from an open recruitment
-may be hand-picked by the researcher because of their particular knowledge, experience, or views related to the study

Question 2

convenience and snowball sampling methods

Answer 2

-may begin with a volunteer (convenience) sample
-may seek out individuals that are different in some way from other participants in order to get diverse perspectives
-snowball: when participants (past/present) refer others to the study

Question 3

purposive sampling method

Answer 3

-individuals deliberately selected in relation to study

Question 4

maximum variation in purposive sampling

Answer 4

sampling-deliberately choosing samples with a wide level of variation on a phenomenon of interest

Question 5

typical sampling in purposive sampling

Answer 5

participants are typical re:phenomenon of interest

Question 6

criterion in purposive sampling

Answer 6

studying cases who meet a predetermined criterion

Question 7

theoretical sampling

Answer 7

used in grounded theory
-focused on where to find data
-looks at what type of participants the researcher should look for to further the development of concepts

Question 8

sample size in qualitative research

Answer 8

-based on the research question and design
-the braoder the question=more participants needed
-quality over quantity
-focus on data saturation

Question 9

what is data saturation

Answer 9

sampling until no new information is obtained or there is redundancy

Question 10

researcher-participant relationships in qualitative research

Answer 10

-participants are treated as colleagues rather than subjects
-researcher must have confidence in participants
-maintain relationships is very important
-social interaction is allowed
-researcher may alter participants behaviour/answers
-data can be a co-creation

Question 11

important traits of a qualitative researcher

Answer 11

-empathy
-goo intuition
-become closely involved in subject’s experience in order to interpret it
-must be open to perceptions of participants, cant attach their own meaning

Question 12

observation data collection method

Answer 12

-recorded in logs, field notes, reflective notes
-watch and listen to participants
-focus on details
-note routine activities or unexpected events

Question 13

interview data collection method

Answer 13

-open ended format
-researcher defines focus
-no fixed sequence of questions->conversation flows better
-questions may be changed based on previous interviews
-use prompts
-subjects encouraged to raise important issues not addressed by researcher
-goal is mutual understanding
-min 2 recorders at all times, writing infront of participants is discouraged, write after

Question 14

text as a source of data

Answer 14

-may be written by participants at the request of the researcher
-may be solicited by mail rather than in person
-text developed for other purposes
-eg: public text, books, newpaper, notes taken

Question 15

data management

Answer 15

researcher is simultaneously gathering data, managing a growing bulk of collected data, and interpreting the meaning of data
-organized and stored

Question 16

tasks in qualitative data management and organization

Answer 16

-transcribing the data
-develop a categorization scheme
-coding qualitative data
-organizing qualitative data (manual or computerized)

Question 17

qualitative data analysis

Answer 17

-analysis is systematic and throughout even if methodology is not detailed

Question 18

the qualitative analysis process

Answer 18

-comprehending
-synthesizing
-theorizing
-recontextualizing

Question 19

general analytic overview in qualitative research

Answer 19

-identify (themes or regulatirities)
-search (patterns)
-develop(devices)
-validate(patterns)
-integrate(thematic pieces)

Question 20

analysis phase of qualitative research

Answer 20

-becoming immersed in the data
-listening to tapes/rereading notes
-recall observations

Question 21

reflexivity analysis

Answer 21

-researcher explores feelings, biases, and experiences that may influence the study
-requires conscious awareness of self

Question 22

bracketing (phenomenology) analysis

Answer 22

-suspending or laying aside preconceived beliefs and opinions about the experience being studied
-during data collection and analysis

Question 23

data reduction analysis

Answer 23

-reducing the large volume of data acquired in order to facilitate examination
-researcher begins to attach means to data
-creates. class of: things, people, events
-classifies data with established system or develop a new one

Question 24

codes and coding analysis

Answer 24

-a way of indexing or identifying categories in the data
-data segments can then be retrieved by coding category
-researcher looks for themes, patterns, and interrelationships

Question 25

rigor in qualitative research

Answer 25

-aiming for excellence in research through discipline, adherence to detail, and strict accuracy -must be addressed differently in qualitative because the desired outcome is different

Question 26

rigor in qualitative research can be demonstarted by:

Answer 26

-openness -adherence to philosophical perspective -thoroughness in collecting data -consideration of all the data

Question 27

criteria for judging rigor

Answer 27

-credibility -dependability -confirmability -transferability

Question 28

what is credability

Answer 28

-the findings are true -researcher is credible -data is accurate among researchers and subject's -search for disconfirming evidence

Question 29

what is dependability

Answer 29

-data stability over time & over conditions -would different researcher's using the same sources and data, reach the same conclusions -inquiry audit done by an external reviewer

Question 30

what is confirmability

Answer 30

-objectivity or neutrality of the data -potential for congruence between two or more people about the data's accuracy, relevancy, meaning -bracketing, reflexive thinking, decision trails -auditability (the degree to which an outside person can follow the researcher's methods, decisions, and conclusions

Question 31

what are decision trails

Answer 31

-audit trails -strategies by which other researcher's, using the same data, can follow the logic of the original researcher, and arrive at the same conclusions -covers the researcher incase they get audited at any time

Question 32

transferability

Answer 32

-the extent to which findings can be transferred to other settings or groups -transferability is the "generalizability" of qualitative research

Question 33

what is fittingness in transferability

Answer 33

degree of congruence between the research sample and another group of setting of interest

Question 34

causes of lack of rigor in qualitative research

Answer 34

-inconsistency in adhereing to the philosophy pf the approach -failure to get away from old dieas -poorly developed methods -inadequate time collecting data -poor observations -failure to give careful consideration to all the data -inadequacy of theoretical development from the data

Question 35

ethical considerations in qualitative research

Answer 35

-naturalistic setting -emergent nature of design -researcher-participant relationships -researcher as instrument