~Class 19 - Moral Development

Question 1

What is Prosocial Behaviour?

Answer 1

Prosocial Behaviour is voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another person (helping, cooperating, sharing)

Question 2

At what age does spontaneous helping behaviour increase?

Answer 2

From 14+ months

Question 3

Preference for helpers over hinderers is evident from ___ of age.

Answer 3

3 months

Question 4

For children under 18 months, Prosocial Behaviour is undermined by giving ___ for helping.

Answer 4

material reward

Question 5

Children’s sharing behaviour increases from ___.

Answer 5

early school age

Question 6

Toddlers show ___, but still make ___ resource allocations

Answer 6

inequality aversion // self-benefitting

Question 7

At age ___, there is a preference for ___, even if they lose out.

Answer 7

7-8 // equal resource distribution

Question 8

___ is an important milestone in moral development: Adopting rules/moral standards as one’s own

Answer 8

Internalization

Question 9

Moral behaviours increase through ___, but, it’s hard to reinforce ___ because one cannot constantly monitor compliance/

Answer 9

positive reinforcement // “non-behaviours”

Question 10

___ are linked with rule internalization.

Answer 10

Caregiving behaviours

Question 11

Punishment is most effective when accompanied by ___ + ___, this is called ____.

Answer 11

warmth // cognitive rationale // inductive discipline

Question 12

What did Kohlberg argue that his stages were NOT?

Answer 12

They were NOT:

• Associated with specific ages
• Necessarily reached by all individuals

Question 13

What traits did Kohlberg see his stages as?

Answer 13

• Hierarchical (fixed order; each stage builds on previous one)
• Universal (same for everyone)
• Coherent (organized wholes)

Question 14

What are the Levels of Kohlberg’s theory?

Answer 14

Level 1: Pre-Conventional (Stage 1-2), Level 2: Conventional (Stage 3-4), Level 3: Post-Conventional (Stage 5-)

Question 15

In the Pre-Conventional Stage, morality is ___ focused.

Answer 15

externally

Question 16

In the Pre-Conventional Stage, decisions are characterized as being ___ on oneself and driven by a sense of ___.

Answer 16

Centered // Egotcentrism

Question 17

How are the judgements made for what is right or wrong made in Level 1?

Answer 17

Largely based on the consequences of the decision, and focused on what authority figures tell us is right or wrong

Question 18

At what Level have we internalized the rules around right and wrong?

Answer 18

The Conventional Level

Question 19

At what Level have we internalized the rules around right and wrong, but not questioned these rules we’ve internalized to a fully meaningful extent?

Answer 19

The Conventional Level

Question 20

How are moral judgements made in Level 2?

Answer 20

• Our morality is no longer just based on external forces like authority figures.
• Moral decisions are based on social roles
• Moral decisions are centered on relationships and the social order itself.
• It’s based on what is best for how you are viewed by others, adn how you fit into keeping society functioning smoothly

Question 21

In the Post-Conventional Level, judgements are based on ___, and we’re thinking more in terms of ___ and ideals for right and wrong.

Answer 21

values // abstract principles

Question 22

Level 3 Post-Conventional

requires the ___ Operational stage of thinking

Answer 22

Formal

Question 23

Stage 1: ___ And ___ Orientation

Answer 23

Punishment // Obedience

Question 24

In Stage 1, what is “right”?

Answer 24

• Obeying rules & authority

- Things that aren’t punished

Question 25

In Stage 1, why do the right thing?

Answer 25

- To avoid punishment. | - Egocentric perspective

Question 26

Stage 2: ___

Answer 26

Naive Hedonism

Question 27

In stage 2, what is "right"??

Answer 27

- Things that bring rewards or good feelings | - Making fair exchanges

Question 28

In stage 2, why do the right thing?

Answer 28

- To serve your own interests | - (And let others do the same)

Question 29

___ Reasoning is dominant through the elementary school years

Answer 29

Pre-Conventional

Question 30

In the Pre-conventional Level, young children (~3) can differentiate between ___ and ___; they will disagree with violations of the former even if approved by an authority figure, and recognize conventional transgressions are okay esp if approved by an authority figure.

Answer 30

moral conventions // social-conventional issues

Question 31

In the Pre-conventional Level, young children take ___ into account alongside consequences (by 2.5 to 3 years old, if stories are simple)

Answer 31

intentions

Question 32

In Stage 3, what is “right”?

Answer 32

- Being “good” or “nice” - Living up to others’ expectations - Maintaining relationships

Question 33

In Stage 3, why do the right thing?

Answer 33

- To be seen as “good” (by yourself and others) | - “The Golden Rule”

Question 34

Stage 4: ___

Answer 34

Social-Order-Maintaining Morality

Question 35

Stage 4: ___

Answer 35

Social-Order-Maintaining Morality

Question 36

In Stage 4, what is “right”?

Answer 36

- Upholding social order and welfare | - Fulfilling duties & contributing to society

Question 37

In Stage 4, why do the right thing?

Answer 37

- To keep societal institutions going(law and order) | - To meet your social obligation social contract

Question 38

___ Reasoning increases in prominence during early to middle adolescence

Answer 38

Conventional

Question 39

Stage 5: ___ Orientation

Answer 39

Social Contract

Question 40

In Stage 5, what is “right”?

Answer 40

- Upholding social contract (relative values), while… | - ...Allowing for some non relative values (life, liberty)

Question 41

In Stage 5, why do the right thing?

Answer 41

- To achieve the “greatest good for the greatest number” | - Maintain social order AND rights of others

Question 42

Stage 6: ___

Answer 42

Individual Principles Of Conscience

Question 43

In Stage 6, what is “right”?

Answer 43

- Upholding moral principles | - Rejecting laws/rules that conflict with principles

Question 44

In Stage 6, why do the right thing?

Answer 44

-Because you have committed to your moral principles

Question 45

___ Reasoning is relatively rare, even among ___.

Answer 45

Post-Conventional // adults

Question 46

Moral reasoning becomes increasingly ___ throughout childhood and adolescence.

Answer 46

principled

Question 47

Adolescents tend to increasingly emphasize ___.

Answer 47

abstract values

Question 48

___ individuals are more convinced by others’ advanced moral reasoning than ___ individuals.

Answer 48

Older // younger

Question 49

The appeal of ___ reasoning seems to increase across adolescence and adulthood, even if we use ___ of reasoning.

Answer 49

postconventional // lower levels

Question 50

Rarely do people skip or regress to ___ stages

Answer 50

prior

Question 51

The stages are not universal in Stage(s) ___.

Answer 51

5–6

Question 52

The first 4 stages may be ___ across cultures

Answer 52

universal

Question 53

Situational factors affect ___.

Answer 53

moral decisions