~Class 20 - Aggression in Childhood

Question 1

What is Physical Aggression?

Answer 1

Pushing, hitting, kicking (direct); destroying property (indirect)

Question 2

Physical Aggression predicts ___ and ___ problems.

Answer 2

internalizing// externalizing

Question 3

___ declines throughout early childhood (3–6y).

Answer 3

Physical Aggression

Question 4

What is Verbal Aggression?

Answer 4

Name-calling; hostile teasing; threats of harm… (direct)

Question 5

___ increases throughout early childhood (3–6y)

Answer 5

Verbal Aggression

Question 6

What is Relational Aggression?

Answer 6

Exclusion (direct); gossip; friendship manipulation (indirect)

-Used more consistently by girls than boys

Question 7

Gender differences are small to nonexistent in ___.

Answer 7

Relational Aggression

Question 8

Relational Aggression is used more consistently by ___ than ___.

Answer 8

girls // boys

Question 9

What is Proactive (Instrumental) Aggression?

Answer 9

Aggression that is designed to achieve a goal or fulfill a need (e.g., acquire a toy)

Question 10

___ declines throughout childhood as social and cognitive skills improve.

Answer 10

Proactive (Instrumental) Aggression

Question 11

What is Reactive (Hostile) Aggression?

Answer 11

Aggression demonstrated with angry outbursts; defensiveness or retaliation

Question 12

___ increases across early to mid-childhood years

Answer 12

Reactive (Hostile) Aggression

Question 13

What is Parent management training (PMT)?

Answer 13

Parent management training (PMT) is an evidence-based approach to addressing aggressive/disruptive behaviours

Question 14

Parent management training (PMT) focuses on ___ of desirable behaviours and ___ of disruptive ones

Answer 14

positive reinforcement // cessation

Question 15

Parent management training (PMT) uses ___.

Answer 15

Active ignoring

Question 16

What is Active Ignoring?

Answer 16

(parent withholds reinforcing attention)

Question 17

Parent management training (PMT) uses the ___ & ___ consequences of behaviour

Answer 17

Natural // logical

Question 18

Reserve negative punishment for egregious behaviours, i.e, no ___.

Answer 18

positive punishment

Question 19

For Reactive Aggressors, ___ are often beneficial

Answer 19

Social-Cognitive interventions

Question 20

What strategies can be used to help Reactive Aggressors?

Answer 20

• Work on perspective-taking; identifying non-hostile cues
• Find alternate strategies for resolving conflict
• Work on emotion regulation
• Peer acceptance: Highlight child’s progress to others

Question 21

What is Moral disengagement?

Answer 21

Moral disengagement is a set of psychological mechanisms that allow the average person to commit harmful acts against others

It allows us to convince ourselves that ethical principles don’t apply to us in a given situation; frees us from self-censure and guilt

Question 22

What is Cognitive Restructuring?

Answer 22

Beliefs that frame harmful conduct in a positive way

Question 23

What is Moral justification?

Answer 23

e.g., behaviour serves a worthy cause

Question 24

What is Euphemistic labelling?

Answer 24

Language to make actions seem less negative

Question 25

What are Advantageous comparisons?

Answer 25

e.g., “It could be worse, it’s not like I...”

Question 26

What is Minimizing Agentive Role?

Answer 26

- Cognitive strategies that displace responsibility for negative acts - Minimize personal responsibility - Defer to larger authority - Defer to group responsibility

Question 27

What does it mean to distort the negative impact?

Answer 27

- Strategies that distance oneself by the harm one’s behaviour causes - Disregard harm, and/or - Emphasize positive outcomes over negative ones

Question 28

What does it mean to blame the victim?

Answer 28

- Blaming the victim: Seeing the victim as somehow deserving of their treatment - “Bringing it on themselves” - Victim seen as holding partial responsibility—diffuses one’s responsibility