Class 4

Question 1

crop yields of most species – with fertilization

Answer 1

increase

Question 2

its absence prevents a plant from completing its life cycle

Answer 2

essential element

Question 3

7 macronutrients

Answer 3

N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Si

Question 4

9 micronutrients

Answer 4

Cl, Fe, B, Na, Ni, Mn, Mo,Cu, Zn

Question 5

roles of nutrients include components of amino acids, nucleic acids and/or chlorophyll

Answer 5

P, N, S, Mg

Question 6

roles of nutrients include components of cell walls

Answer 6

Si, B

Question 7

Roles of nutrients include ions for osmotic balancing

Answer 7

Cl, K, Na

Question 8

roles of nutrients include enzyme cofactors

Answer 8

Ca, Mn

Question 9

roles of nutrients include components of pigments for redox reactions

Answer 9

Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Zn

Question 10

essential nutrients can be provided in – such as Knop’s or Hoagland solution

Answer 10

nutrient solutions

Question 11

nutrient deficiencies: occur at low nutrient concentrations in –, reflected by low concentration in tissues and low plant relative growth rates

Answer 11

soil

Question 12

when – are abundant, further increases in soil supply may not have an impact on relative growth rate

Answer 12

nutrients

Question 13

at too-high, – levels, additional nutrients may slow relative growth (soil becomes salty, plant may be droughted or metabolism may be disturbed)

Answer 13

toxic

Question 14

T/F: nutrient deficiency may include symptoms specific to the nutrient.

Answer 14

true

Question 15

common deficiencies may appear as yellowing of leaves, –

Answer 15

chlorosis

Question 16

For – nutrients (N, P, K, and Mg) chlorosis appears especially in old leaves

Answer 16

mobile

Question 17

For immobile nutrients such as – and – chlorosis appears in young leaves

Answer 17

Ca and S

Question 18

Deficiency may also induce production of – and a purple color in leaves (N, P)

Answer 18

anthocyanin

Question 19

roots have extensive –

Answer 19

surface area

Question 20

rye plant after 16 weeks has more than 500 km of total root length and – of surface area

Answer 20

500 m^2

Question 21

roots can also go very deep, plants of semi-desert rooting to –

Answer 21

more than 50 m

Question 22

roots consist of – and laterals

Answer 22

taproot

Question 23

– at the tip protects the meristem underneath

Answer 23

root cap

Question 24

root cap secretes – a lubricant

Answer 24

mucigel

Question 25

3 zones

Answer 25

meristematic zone at tip elongation zone maturation zone

Question 26

root hairs appear in the --zone

Answer 26

maturation

Question 27

nutrients flow to the root in the soil water moving by bulk flow, but also, nutrients -- towards the root

Answer 27

diffuse

Question 28

right adjacent to the root are -- zones as nutrients mobile in the soil have been removed

Answer 28

depletion

Question 29

to continually absorb these mobile nutrients (N)root must continue -- and also to continually absorb soil-immobile nutrients (P)

Answer 29

growing

Question 30

symbiosis between roots and fungi

Answer 30

mycorrhiza

Question 31

the mycelium forms a sheath around the roots and penetrates between cortical cells

Answer 31

ectomycorrhizae

Question 32

the hyphae penetrate into cells of the cortex (but not into the protoplasts)

Answer 32

arbuscular mycorrhizae

Question 33

because hyphae are so much narrow and profuse than roots, it dramatically increases absorption area and especially help with the acquisition of --

Answer 33

P