Class 4 - Venous System Pathologies

Question 1

The Azygos system bypasses from the ___ to the ___

Answer 1

IVC to SVC

Question 2

The hepatic portal vein takes blood from the ___ to the ____

Answer 2

GI tract –> liver

Question 3

Which type of veins travel in pairs alongside arteries?

Answer 3

deep veins

Question 4

Which type of veins have more numerous valves?

Answer 4

deep veins

Question 5

True or false: veins are also affected by atherosclerosis and HTN

Answer 5

false

Question 6

Thrombi are made up of…

Answer 6

fibrin, platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes

Question 7

__ DVT’s are more likely to become pulmonary emboli

Answer 7

proximal

Question 8

What is “a partial or complete occlusion of.a vein by thrombus with secondary inflammation”?

Answer 8

thrombophlebitis

Question 9

What is the 3rd most common cardiovascular disease?

Answer 9

DVT’s

Question 10

What are the 3 most common cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 10

acute coronary artery disease
cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs)
DVT’s

Question 11

What percentage of people having major surgery or a stroke develop a DVT up to 4 weeks later?

Answer 11

30-60%

Question 12

What is Virchow’s triad?

Answer 12

venous stasis
increased coagulability
injury of venous wall

Question 13

What are the two types of thrombi?

Answer 13

mural (attached to wall, does not occlude)

occlusive (progresses from mural)

Question 14

What are the 4 possible fates of thrombi?

Answer 14

lysis and resolution of the thrombi
organization of the thrombus (converts to living tissue)
recanalization (organizes + contracts)
embolism

Question 15

90% of DVTs occur in …

Answer 15

the lower extremities

Question 16

What is the most common cause of DVTs in the upper extremities?

Answer 16

IV catheters

Question 17

Pulmonary emboli most commonly come from…

Answer 17

thrombi from large veins of the pelvis and leg

Question 18

What are some symptoms of a pulmonary embolism?

Answer 18

chest pain worsened by inspiration
sudden death
tachypnea/tachycardia
dyspnea/persistent cough
hemoptysis

Question 19

What percentage of pulmonary embolisms are not even suspected until post mortem examination?

Answer 19

30-40%

Question 20

What does a d-dimer blood test, test for?

Answer 20

DVTs

Question 21

Which vein is most commonly affected by varicose veins?

Answer 21

the saphenous vein

Question 22

What are 3 risk factors for varicose veins?

Answer 22

heavy lifting
prolonged sitting/standing
hormonal changes

Question 23

What are the conservative treatment options for mild varicose veins?

Answer 23

rest with elevated legs
frequent postural changes
exercise
elastic stockings

Question 24

What treatments can be used for more severe varicose veins?

Answer 24

sclerotherapy (injection of irritant that narrows the blood vessel wall)
laser venous ablation (closes off problematic veins)

Question 25

What is a phlebectomy?

Answer 25

removal of problematic veins

Question 26

What is a long term consequence (visible sign) of chronic venous insufficiency?

Answer 26

leg ulcers (chronic)

Question 27

Venous insufficiency ulcers are most commonly found where?

Answer 27

just above the medial malleolus

Question 28

What is the difference between Raynaud's phenomenon vs. Raynaud's disease?

Answer 28

phenomenon is secondary to another disorder disease is idiopathic/primary

Question 29

What is Raynaud's phenomenon?

Answer 29

intermittent episodes of constriction of small arteries or arterioles causing temporary pallor/cyanosis of the extremities, changes in skin temperature

Question 30

How common is Raynaud's phenomenon in the fingers vs. the toes?

Answer 30

60 fingers/40 toes

Question 31

How common is Raynaud's in the general population? How much more frequently affected are women than men?

Answer 31

10-20% of gen pop 20x more affected than men (in age 15-40)

Question 32

Raynaud's phenomenon may be secondary to...

Answer 32

``` Buerger's (TAO) Sjogren's syndrome Scleroderma Polymyositis, dermatomyositis SLE RA ```

Question 33

If Raynaud's is unilateral, it may be a sign of...

Answer 33

an occult neoplasm (hidden tumor)

Question 34

What are some potential triggers of Raynaud's?

Answer 34

``` temperature changes trauma repetitive stress emotional stress use of a jackhammer medications such as beta blockers, chemo drugs smoking ```

Question 35

Raynaud's disease makes up what percentage of vasomotor diseases?

Answer 35

65%

Question 36

What is hemangiopericytoma?

Answer 36

a malignant vascular neoplasm forming in the smooth muscle cells of the capillaries and arterioles

Question 37

Hemangiopericytomas are mainly found in...

Answer 37

the lower extremities and retroperitoneum

Question 38

10-50% of hemangiopericytomas will metastasize to the...

Answer 38

lungs, bones, liver, lymph nodes

Question 39

Kaposi's sarcoma is a rare neoplasm of the...

Answer 39

dermal blood vessels