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PATH 3 > Class 5 - Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Class 5 - Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ‘aphonia’

A

inability to produce the voice

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2
Q

Other than respiration, what are 3 functions of the respiratory system?

A

acid-base balance
protection from infections
vocal production

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3
Q

Define ‘hypoxemia’

A

deficient oxygenation of arterial blood

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4
Q

What are some signs & symptoms of pulmonary disease?

A

mention a few of:

digital clubbing
dyspnea
cough
abnormal sputum
hemoptysis
cyanosis
altered breathing patterns
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5
Q

Define ‘hemoptysis’

A

coughing and spitting up blood

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6
Q

Dyspnea is usually indicative of (simply)

A

hypoxemia or emotional stress

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7
Q

What is orthopnea? What causes this?

A

dyspnea while laying flat

caused by a redistribution of body water (with CHF) which increases the fluid in the lungs

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8
Q

Why does laying prone or supine increase the work of breathing?

A

the abdominal contents press on the diaphragm, which limits vital capacity

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9
Q

Shoulder pain caused by pulmonary disease may radiate….

A

along the medial aspect of the arm

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10
Q

Chest wall pain may be musculoskeletal, or may be caused by pain originating in the…

A

breast
lungs
heart
epigastric region

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11
Q

Pleural pain is alleviated by…

A

lying on the affected side

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12
Q

Central cyanosis is seen in ___ and is associated with ____

A

the oral mucosa, conjunctiva, and lips

right-to-left cardiac shunts and pulmonary disease

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13
Q

What percentage of cases of digital clubbing are due to pulmonary disease?

A

75-85%

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14
Q

Define ‘bradypnea’

A

decreased frequency of breathing

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15
Q

Define ‘hyperpnea’

A

increased depth of breathing

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16
Q

Define ‘apnea’

A

cessation of breathing

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17
Q

Define ‘apneustic breathing’

A

gasping inspiration followed by short expiration

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18
Q

Wheezing is usually related to…

A

bronchospasm and other constriction of the airways

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19
Q

Most URI are caused by…

A

rhinoviruses

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20
Q

Differentiate a cold from a flu

A

flus almost always have fevers which are often high and sudden, as well as muscle pains, headaches, and extreme fatigue. runny/stuffy nose is rare

colds usually have low fever if any, no muscle pains, no headache to a mild headache, minimal fatigue and coughs are usually associated with a runny nose

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21
Q

What does ‘pneumonia’ refer to?

A

inflammation affecting the parenchyma of the lungs

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22
Q

What are the 3 main causes of pneumonia?

A

infections, inhalation of toxic/caustic chemicals, aspiration of fluids or solids

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23
Q

What are mycoplasmal organisms?

A

organisms with both viral and bacterial qualities

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of pneumonia?

A

lobar or bronchopneumonia

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25
Bronchopneumonia affects the...
bronchioles and alveoli
26
Lobar pneumonia affects...
one or both lungs at the level of a lobe
27
What is the leading cause of death from respiratory infection in the young and elderly?
pneumonia!
28
50% of cases of pneumonia come from what type of infection?
viral
29
What is the biggest risk factor for community acquired pneumonia?
cigarette smoking
30
What part of the lungs is most commonly affected by aspiration pneumonia?
right upper lobe
31
True or false: fungal pneumonia usually presents with acute/severe symptoms
false
32
Viral interstitial pneumonia affects the ____ rather than the intra-alveolar spaces
alveolar septa
33
50% of bacterial pneumonias are caused by...
streptococcus pneumoniae
34
Bacterial pneumonia is usually limited to ____ and sees alveoli filled with ____
one or two lobes pus
35
Most cases of pneumonia resolve within...
1-2 weeks
36
What are 3 possible complications of pneumonia?
pleural effusion empyema lung abscess
37
What is 'empyema'?
pus in the pleural cavity
38
Notably, the pneumonia vaccine has been very successful in reducing what type of pneumonia?
penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumonia
39
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is specifically found in people with...
AIDS
40
Pneumocystis carinii is a virus/bacteria/fungus?
fungus
41
Interstitial pneumonia affects...
the tissue surrounding and separating the alveoli
42
What are 3 characteristics seen in pulmonary tuberculosis?
``` granulomas (tuberculomas) caseous necrosis TB caverns (cavities formed in the lung tissue) ```
43
Over the lifetime of someone with latent TB, there is only a __% chance of developing an infectious form
10%
44
Primary TB infection is usually asymptomatic and its granulomas resolve on their own, however, the individual will be predisposed to...
chronic pulmonary OR extra-pulmonary TB later in life
45
What is secondary TB?
endogenous or exogenous re-infection when immune system is lowered
46
What is the most common clinical form of TB?
secondary TB
47
Reactivated TB usually affects...
the upper lobe of one lung
48
Symptoms of TB can be delayed by ___ after infection!
one year
49
What is atelectasis?
complete or partial collapse of a lung
50
What are some possible complications of tuberculosis?
1. broncho-pleural or esophago-pleural fistula 2. pleurisy + pleural effusion 3. pneumonia, laryngitis 4. lung atelectasis
51
Untreated TB has what rate of fatality in the first 2.5 years?
50-80%
52
What are the symptoms of TB infection?
``` nightsweats weightloss dyspnea productive cough fever, fatigue ```
53
What does the BCG vaccine immunize against?
TB
54
TB treatment involves primary anti-TB drugs administered...
in one dose per day
55
Community acquired fungal infections of the lungs come from ____ and result in _____
inhalation of dried fungi/spores infection similar to TB that induces granuloma formation and calcification
56
What are 3 ways bacteria may reach the lungs to form an abscess?
aspiration from oropharynx with foreign material septic emboli from endocarditis IV drug injection
57
What is the most telling symptom of a lung abscess?
productive cough with foul-smelling sputum and hemoptysis
58
What is the mortality rate of lung abscesses?
5-10%
59
Define 'pneumonitis'
term for inflammation of the lung due to causes other than infection
60
What are some types of pneumonitis?
from hypersensitivity, lupus, aspiration, cancerous obstruction, interstitial (consequence of AIDS)
61
Acute bronchitis is caused by either ___ or ___ and usually lasts _____
chemical irritation or infection 1-3 weeks
62
Differentiate viral vs. bacterial acute bronchitis
viral usually has a dry cough in fits aggravated by cold, dry, or dusty air bacterial is common in people with COPD and sees a retrosternal pain aggravated by coughing
63
Breathing that is abnormally deep and prolonged is called...
hyperventilation
64
Describe 'apneustic breathing'
gasping inspiration followed by short expiration
65
The fungal pneumonia that affects people with AIDS is called...
pneumocystis cariini pneumonia
66
Interstitial/viral pneumonia affects what part of the lungs?
the alveolar septa
67
Pulmonary tuberculosis usually affects which part of the lungs?
middle or lower lung areas

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