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MCAT Biology > Class 5 > Flashcards

Class 5 Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Wha finishes translation in the cytosol?

A

Cytosolic proteins

-membrane and nuclear proteins

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2
Q

Which proteins finish translation in the rough ER?

A 
Secreted protein
Transmembran protein
Lysosomal protein
ER/golgi proteins 
-they are all enzymes that reside on the Golgi/RER but need a signal sequence to go to the RER
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3
Q

Where is the signal sequence in secreted and lysosomal proteins?

A

is the first few AA at the N terminus and is removed when translation is complete

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4
Q

Where is the signal sequence in membrane proteins?

A

Can be anywhere, can have multiple and the sequence isn’t removed

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5
Q

In secreted protein how is the signal sequence understood?

A

Signal sequence translated first at n terminus by signal recognition particles which bind ribosome to dock at ER
-the signal is hydrophobic and inserts into the ER membrane. Protein translated, then its cleaved and the protein is released to the Golgi in a vesicle and goes to membrane and is released via exocytosis

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6
Q

When something is being expelled from the cell, how can you ell what will be the inside or the outside of the exocytosed product?

A

Cytosol side before fusion will be ousting and once used it becomes the inside

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7
Q

What are the components of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Proteins (move laterally)
Carb (signal receptors and binding)

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8
Q

What does cholesterol do to plasma membrane?

A

Makes membrane more fluid at lower temperatures and and higher temps it limits lateral movement of phospholipids

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9
Q

What happens to Freezing point and Vapour pressure when a solute is added?

A

They decrease

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10
Q

What happens to BP and osmotic pressure when a solute is added?

A

they increase

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11
Q

What is the difference between molarity and molality ?

A

Molarity: mol particles/liter (M)

Molality: mol particles/ Kg (m)

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12
Q

How does solute affect freezing point?

A

Adding particles interferes with crystallization structure and decreases temperature even more to overcome interference

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13
Q

How does solute affect vapour pressure?

A

Pressure from an evaporated solvent above the liquid surface solvent. particles “hold down” solvent molecules and prevent evaporation

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14
Q

How does solute affect Boiling point ?

A

Temp at which solvent molecules evaporate

-need in increases temp so they evaporate

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15
Q

How does solute affect osmotic pressure?

A

pressure needed to resist water movement by osmosis

-osmotic pressure increases to resist movement and more particles=more water

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16
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement of particles from [high] to [low] down gradient

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17
Q

What is osmosis?

A

movement of water from [high] to [low]

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18
Q

What are the 3 categories of tonicity?

A

Hyper: has more particles compared to another solution
Iso: same concentration as another solution
Hypo: has less particles compared to another solution

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19
Q

If osmotic pressure increases what also has to increase?

A

Particle concentration increases

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20
Q

What is passive transport?

Study These Flashcards
A

dont need ATP just driven by [] gradient

21
Q

What is simple diffusion?

Study These Flashcards
A

Dont need membrane transporter
-hydrophobic, small and no charge
Ex: small lipids like steroids hormone, O2, CO2

22
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

Study These Flashcards
A

Molecule needs transmembrane protein

23
Q

What are the 3 kinds of facilitated diffusion?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Pores
Channels
Porters 
-uniporters: moves 1 across
-coporters: move 2 different molecules across 
--- symport: same way 
---antiport:opposite ways
24
Q

what is active transportation?

Study These Flashcards
A

When ATP is used to go against the gradient

25
What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?
Primary: uses ATP directly Secondary: uses ATP indirectly and relies on gradient set up by primary active transport
26
What is cAMP?
Second messenger system because the signal cant cross the membrane
27
What are G proteins used for?
Primary messenger signals
28
In the 2nd messenger system, what is signal amplification?
each stage activates a lot at each next stage in the path (exponential) -changes are fast and temporary and cause a chain rxn
29
What is a microtubule?
Made from A and B tubin, is large and used in: - intracellular transport - Spindle - cilia and flagella (9+2 pairs)
30
What is a microfilament?
made of Actin, is small and used in: - muscle contraction - cytokinesis - pseudo formation
31
What is an intermediate?
Several types of protein, medium in size and used in: | -structural roles
32
What are desmosomes?
Cell to cell adhesion Made from cadherin Gives tissue mechanical strength
33
What are tight junctions?
Prevent paracellular movement Found between lumen to separate environment occludent and daudins Things have to move through the cell via transporters
34
What are gap junctions?
Allow substances to pass from cell to cell and connects cytoplasm
35
What happens in the G1 phase?
Normal cell activity and growth
36
What happens in G0 phase?
Only in cells that dont divide like neurons
37
What happens in the S phase?
DNA synthesis and replication
38
What happens in the G2 phase?
More cell growth and preparation for mitosis
39
Which phases in the cell cycle are regulated?
G1, G0, S phases all have checkpoints before proceeding to the next phase
40
Which phases in the cell cycle are not as heavily regulated?
From S to G2 phase cause the DNA is already made at that point -G2 kinda regulated at the end to check for last minute errors in DNA
41
What are homologous chromosomes?
Have same genes in the same order but different alleles
42
What is the ploidy in G1 and G2?
G1 2n1x, no sistre chromatids, identical G2 2n2x, diploid with sister chromatids
43
What is the end product of mitosis?
2 daughter cells identical to each other and parent
44
What are the 4 characteristics of Cancer?
1. Go through cell cycle rapidly and out of control 2. Start from a single cell mutation 3. Mutations in DNA 4. Spread to another tissue (metastasize)
45
What are oncogenes?
mutated versions of protooncogenes | -turns cell cycle permanently on
46
what are protooncogenes?
normally present in cell that code for protein that regulates the cell cycle -its turned on as needed, otherwise it is inactive (fetal development and cuts)
47
What are tumour suppressor genes?
Stop cell cycle and monitors genes of cells in cell cycle | -if DNA is dangerous it start repair but if its too much damage beyond repair it starts apoptosis
48
What is apoptosis?
Regulated cell death carried out by caspases (protease that cleaves protein)

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

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