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MCAT Biology > Class 7 > Flashcards

Class 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is myelin made of?

A

Fats

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2
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

single dendrite and axon terminal on opposite side of cell

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3
Q

What is a unipolar neuron ?

A

A single blob that has both dendrites and axon terminal coming out of it

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4
Q

How does the NA/K Atpase work?

A

Pums 3 Na out and 2 K in per ATP to set iup the RMP gradient

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5
Q

When normally do VG channels open?

A

At threshold -50mV

-at RMP these channels are closed

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6
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Making the inside of cell more positive

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7
Q

What is hyper polarization?

A

Making the inside of the cell more negative

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8
Q

When do VG Na channels inactivate?

A

at. +35mV they close

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9
Q

What is hyper polarization due to?

A

Slow close of K VG channels

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10
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

Right after AP its hard to generate another AP

  • Na channels have been reset and will be able to open in threshold is reached
  • The cell is too negative so further from threshold near K equilibrium
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11
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

When it is impossible to have AP
-Na channels are inactivated for a certain period of time, so you have to wait and the cell is to positive and close to Na equilibrium

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12
Q

What are the 4 things electrical synapses have?

A
  1. Physical Connections (gap junctions)
  2. Always excitatory
  3. Bidirectional
  4. Unregulated
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13
Q

What are the 2 things that chemical synapses have?

A
  1. Not physically connected

2. Unidirectional

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14
Q

What causes excitation in post synaptic cell?

A

When NT open Na ion channels there is a depolarization in post synaptic cell

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15
Q

What causes an inhibition in post synaptic cell?

A

If NT opens K ion channels then the cell hyper polarizes and this is inhibitory

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16
Q

What does the response of the post synaptic cell depend on?

A

The receptor not the NT

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17
Q

What is EPSP?

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential

-more depolarized

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18
Q

What is IPSP?

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

-more hyperpolarized

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19
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Add inputs from different/multiple source on 1 neuron

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20
Q

For APs how do you determine intensity?

A

It is coded by frequency

-more frequent APs the stronger the signal

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21
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Adding frequent inputs from a single source

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22
Q

What is sensory input?

A

From PNS sensory neurons= afferent neutrons send into to brain and spinal cord to bring into into the CNS

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23
Q

What is integration?

A

CNS donee by interneurons basically decision making of Brian and spinal cord

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24
Q

What is motor output?

A

PNS motor neurons send decision out via efferent neurons

-info leaving the CNS with info to PNS (commands to body)

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25
What is a reflex?
Rapid integration to avoid potential injury | -normally include spinal cord and doesn't go to the brain
26
What is the function of the spinal cord?
Primitive reflexes like leg and bladder
27
What is the function of the Medulla?
Basic visual functions and special functions in breathing and digestion
28
What is the function of the pons?
Facial movements and balance
29
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Motor function | -coordination and fine motor control
30
What is the function fo the midbrain?
Auditory and visual processing | Startle reflex
31
What is the function of the limbic system?
Emotioon and memory | -amygdala, hippocampus
32
What are the components of the diencephalon?
THalamus Epithalamus Hypothalamus
33
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Maintains body homeostasis Regulates hormones, pH, BP Controls pituitary
34
What is the function of the Thalamus?
Sensory relay system | -all sensory info comes here except smell
35
What is the function of the epithalamus?
Pineal gland which secretes melatonin in absence of blue light
36
What is white matter and what are the different names its called in the CNS and PNS?
Myelinated axons CNS: tract CNS spinal cord: tract/column PNS: Nerve
37
What is grey matter and what are the different names its called in the CNS and PNS?
``` Cell bodies CNS deep Brian: Nucleus CNS Brian surface: Cortex CNS spinal cord: Horn PNS: Ganglion ```
38
What are the different parts of the brain?
Frontal Parietal (2 lobes) Temporal (2 lobes) Occipital
39
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Voluntary movement | Decision Making/Problem solving (executive functioning)
40
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Sensation and taste
41
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Hearing Smell Memory
42
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Vision (primary visual cortex)
43
What are the 2 branches of the nervous system?
CNS and PNS
44
What does the PNS split into?
Somatic and Autonomic
45
What does the autonomic system split into?
SNS (fight or flight) and PSNS (rest and digest)
46
What is the somatic system?
Skeletal Muscle Voluntary Ach +a always excitatory Single neuron to effector
47
What is the autonomic system?
``` Smooth muscle and glands Involuntary Ach or NE Excitatory and inhibitory 2 Neurons to effector ```
48
How does epinephrin work?
binds to same receptor as NE and have similar effects | -prolongs and enhances sympathetic effects
49
What are mechanical receptors?
Mechanical disturbances such as stretch and pressure
50
What are chemo receptors ?
taste and smell | chemical signal
51
What are thermoreceptors?
temp detection
52
What are nociceptors?
Paint - technically a mechanoreceptor - has not sensory adaptation
53
What is an electromagnetic photoreceptor?
Picks up on light
54
What is the absolute threshold?
Minimum stimulus needed to trigger a receptor
55
What is the defiance threshold?
how much a stimulus changes in order to notice a difference
56
What is sensory adaptation?
Receptor stops responding to constant stimulus - can be reactive if stimulus changes - pain receptors do not adapt
57
What is bottom up processing?
Start with details and system collects the data and send it to the brain and brain processes
58
What is top down processing?
Brain applies previous experience and generates a holistic explanation
59
What are the main parts of the eye?
Iris: regulates pupil dilation Lens: biconvex lens focuses light on retina Cornea: clear outside layer Pupil: opening in the eye Cilliary: muscles that pull lens Fovea: cones only Retina: rod and cone cells where light hits Optic Disk: blind spot, no cones or rods Optic nerve: bundle of nerve cells to brain
60
How does the light travel from retina to brain
Light dgoes through ganglion, bipolar, cone/rod, then backwards to send the signal
61
What is a cone cell?
Colour detection Responds to high levels of light Concentrated in the fovea
62
What is a rod cell?
No colour detection Responds to low light intensity In peripheries of retina
63
What happens in the eye when its dark?
Na channels open and depolarizes | This activates the release of NTs from rod and cones
64
What happens in the eye when its light?
Na channels close and there is no depolarization nd no NT released
65
When do bipolar cells respond?
Off bipolar responds when light is off | -NT release and bipolar cells stimulated and depolarized which releases its own NT to activate ganglia cell to fire AP
66
When do bipolar cells not respond?
Bipolar cell not activated with light because no NT is released from rod and cones
67
What are on bipolar cells inhibited by?
Glutamate (from bipolar cells) | -bipolar will hyperpolarize and no AP
68
What happens to bipolar cells when the light is on?
No NT released so it is not inhibited and can depolarize to send signal to ganglion to release AP
69
What makes up the outer ear?
Pinna and cannal
70
What makes up the middle ear?
Typanic membrane, malleus, incus and stapes
71
What makes up the inner ear?
Choclea, semicircular canals
72
What Is the ET tube?
Connects throat to pharynx
73
What is pitch?
high frequency
74
Where are high and low frequency registered in the choclea?
Low moves distal end of the basilar memebrane, the furthest away from oval opening High moves proximal, closer to the bones
75
What is loudness?
Amplitudes of the frequency was low amplitude= low volume High amplitude= high volume
76
What is the vestibular complex?
for balance an equilibrium - semicircular (dynamic rotaitional balance) - vestibular (stationary equilibrium, where you are in space)

MCAT Biology (9 decks)

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