Class assessment flashcards

Question 1

Douglas -WC parents

Answer 1

found that working class parents placed less value on education. , they were less ambitious for their children, gave them less encouragement As a result their children had lower levels of motivation and achievement

Question 2

Bernstein

Answer 2

He distinguishes between two types of speech code :

• the restricted code= working class. It has limited vocabulary and simple sentences
• the elaborated code= used by middle class. wider vocabulary, longer more grammatically complex sentences

Question 3

Bereiter and engelmann- language

Answer 3

Claim language used in lower class homes in deficient. describe lower class families as communicating by gestures, single words or disjointed phrases. As a result kids fail to develop necessary language skills.

Question 4

What is meant by cultural deprivation

Answer 4

children are no effectively socialised and lack cultural equipment

Question 5

Explain one criticism of cultural deprivation try deprivation Theory

Answer 5

Keddie believes it is just victim blaming and a myth. She points out that children cannot be deprived of its own culture and argues that working class children are simply culturally different not deprived

Question 6

Name two programs which help tack cultural education

Answer 6

Compensatory education- aim to tackle CD in deprived areas by providing extra resources to school + communities

Operation head start: it’s aim to improve deprived children’s environment to develop skills and instil achievement motivation

Sesame Street- included transmitting values, attitudes and skills

Question 7

What does material deprivation mean

Answer 7

Means a lack of those physical necessities that are essential for normal life

Question 8

what are the three main aspects of cultural deprivation

Answer 8

language
parents education
subculture

Question 9

A03 for language (cultural deprivation)

Answer 9

+ Bernstein recognises both home and school fail wc pupils

Question 10

Douglas- parents ed

Answer 10

working class parents place less value on education

Question 11

fernstein - parents ed

Answer 11

parents ed effects children achievement. MC educated so have advantage on how to socialise kids

Question 12

Bernstein and young - parents

Answer 12

MC mothers buy educational toys which encourages reasoning skills

Question 13

how does parents education impact cultural deprivation

Answer 13

• educated parents = consistent discipline and high expectations
• less educated parents = harsh inconsistent discipline
• educated parents use income to improve educational sucess

Question 14

what does sugarman argue about subculture

Answer 14

4 barriers to educational achievement
fatalism: nothing can be done to change status
collectivism: value being part of a group
immediate gratification: seeking pleasure now rather than later
present time orientation: see present as more important, no long term goals
how does this differ to MC

Question 15

A03 for cultural deprivation

Answer 15

• keddie argues that it is a myth, sees it as victim blaming. Not culturally deprived but culturally different

Question 16

what is compensatory ed

Answer 16

aims to tackle cultural deprivation in deprived areas by providing resources to schools + communities
eg operation head start in the US, included improving parenting skills + setting up nursery classes
eg well known sesame street included transmitting values, attitudes and skills

Question 17

key facts for introduction about material deprivation

Answer 17

poverty is closely linked to underachievement

• 1/3 of FSM pupils achieve 5 A-C at GCSE
• those in poverty more likely to have poor attendance
• more likely to be excludes
• 90% of failing schools in deprived areas

Question 18

what material factors affect children’s education

Answer 18

housing, fear of debt and diet and health

Question 19

how does housing impact children’s education

Answer 19

directly: overcrowding = less space for educational activities + development // no room for soft play activities
families in temp housing constantly moving = changing schools + disrupted learning
indirect effect= cold/damp can cause ill health means absences from school

Question 20

how does fear of debt impact education

Answer 20

increases in tuition fees to 9,000.
found WC children are less likely to go to uni due to fear of debt also impacts where they choose to go - want to save travel costs ,miss out on high status uni

Question 21

how does diet and health impact education

Answer 21

pupils from poorer houses have lower intakes of energy, vitamins + minerals. Poor nutrition affects health by weakening the immune system - absences from school
(Howard)

Question 22

A03 for material deprivation

Answer 22

+ Other sociologists agree that material inequalities have a bigger effect on achievement
- only part of the explanation as poor families do succeed. Other factors may be influential eg religious views

Question 23

Bourdieu

Answer 23

he uses capital to explain why MC are more successful. capital = wealth
he combines cultural + material factors to explain ed achievement

Question 24

what is cultural capital

Answer 24

values, language, abilities of MC. More luxury to develop understanding + analyse - benefitting in schoo,

• more likely to develop intellectual interests
• understand ed system
• school devalues mc culture as ‘rough’ leads to exam failure

Question 25

what is educational and economic capital

Answer 25

wealthier parents can convert their economic capital into educational capital by sending kids to private schools and extra tuitions

Question 26

A03 for capital

Answer 26

Sullivan found that cultural capital only accounted for part of the class difference in achievement

Question 27

what does labelling mean

Answer 27

when you attach a label to someone

Question 28

Interactionist - labelling

Answer 28

Number of studies have been carried out by interactionist sociologists as they want to know how people attach a meanings + the effect it has on those labelled. They study small scale interactions

Question 29

Becker (1971)- ideal pupil

Answer 29

based interviews on 60 Chicago high school teachers. judged pupils to how closely they fit the idea pupil. Wc pupils were furthest away from this. Mc seen as ideal

Question 30

Hempel - Jorgensen (2009)

Answer 30

notions of idea pupil vary according to the social class makeup of the school - WC school: ideal pupil was quiet + obedient - Middle class: few discipline problems, ideal pupil defined by personality

Question 31

what is streaming

Answer 31

separating students into different ability of groups

Question 32

how does streaming impact achievement

Answer 32

Once streamed it is difficult to move up to a higher stream - locked into teachers expectations of them. creates self fulfilling prophecy. MC students benefit from streaming - more likely placed in higher streams reflecting teachers view of them as ideal pupil

Question 33

extra mini study of streaming

Answer 33

Douglas found children placed in a higher stream at 8 had improved IQ score by 11

Question 34

Gillborn and youdell (2001)

Answer 34

teachers use stereotypical notions to stream pupils. Teachers were likely to see WC + black pupils as having ability. So more likely to placed in lower streams + entered lower their GCSE can explain exclusion rates

Question 35

what the A-C economy

Answer 35

teachers focus time, effort and resources on pupils they see as getting 5 grades Cs + boosting league table position

Question 36

what is the 'educational triage'

Answer 36

process of A-C economy AKA sorting | 3 groups: those who will pass anyways, hopeless cases + targeted for extra help.

Question 37

how does the educational triage impact achievement

Answer 37

Teachers have a stereotypical notion of WC + black pupils as hopeless cases. This produces self fulfilling prophecy The need to gain good league tables position drives educational triage which creates basis for streaming

Question 38

extra study of labelling

Answer 38

Rist (1970) teacher in primary school used kids background information to place them in different groups Tigers = MC, seated closer to teacher Cardinals + clowns= WC, seated further, given lower level books

Question 39

what is the self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 39

prediction comes true by virtue of being made

Question 40

process of self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 40

* firstly teacher labels student * teacher treats student according to label as if its true * pupil internalises teachers expectations, becomes self image, predictions is fulfilled

Question 41

Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)

Answer 41

study in Primary school (California) researchers told teachers certain students would spurt (not true, chosen at random). 47% of spurters made progress. Shows the power of labelling students - teachers conveyed belief of this is how they treated 'spurters'

Question 42

what does Rosethal and Jacobson study show

Answer 42

Demonstrates self fulfilling prophecy. Teachers accepted prediction and made it come about can also produce underachievement for those the teachers did believe in

Question 43

what are pupil subcultures

Answer 43

Group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns Emerge as a response to labelling

Question 44

lacey (1970)

Answer 44

concepts to explain how subcultures develop differentiation: process of teachers categorising pupils on how they see their ability, behaviour and attitudes eg streaming polarisation: how pupils respond to streaming by moving towards to one or two opposite poles eg Lacey found streaming polarised boys into pro school and anti school subculture

Question 45

what is the difference between proschool and anti school subculture

Answer 45

pro- placed in higher streams + committed to school gain status through academic success values of the school (MC) anti- placed in lower streams (WC) suffer low esteem due to having inferior status. Failure so gain other ways of status, turn value of school upside down. Willis + lads - turn values of the school upside down formed own subculture

Question 46

Ball (1981)

Answer 46

``` when banding (type of streaming) was abolished, basis for the pupils to polarise was removed + influence of anti school was abolished declined. Although polarisation disappeared, differentiation continued. Teachers categorised students differently + still labelled MC as cooperative ```

Question 47

criticism of the labelling theory

Answer 47

- deterministic: assumes pupils have no choice to fulfil fulfilling and fail - Marxist: labelling theory ignores wider power structures - Marxist also argue that labels are not teachers individual prejudices but come from teachers in system that produce's class division

Question 48

acronyms for exam

Answer 48

RRHAQ - read, reread, highlight, annotate, quick plan | PEEALC-point,explain,evidence,annalyse,criticse

Question 49

introduction

Answer 49

Context- definitions eg religion content- what are you going to write about debate- ie sociolgists disagree amongst themselves on whether internal/external is the true role of class achievement, not soley in school factors add trends - 90% of failing schools are in deprived areas + 1/3 of FSM students achieve 5 A-C grades

Question 50

conclusion

Answer 50

To conclude - state overview but - which is more true + contrasting beliefs therefore - which one most likley impacts education