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Microbiology Lab > Class Final > Flashcards

Class Final Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Pathology

A

study of disease

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2
Q

Pathogenesis

A

manner in which a disease develops

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3
Q

Infection

A

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms

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4
Q

Disease

A

change from a state of health

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5
Q

Normal flora

A

microbiota, microorganisms that carry out normal processes

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6
Q

Transient microbiota

A

live in or on you for a while and then leaves

-group b strep

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7
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

normal flora given the right opportunity can be infectious

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8
Q

signs

A

what you can see/measure

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9
Q

symptoms

A

what the patient feels

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10
Q

incubation

A

bacteria growing but you have no signs and symptoms

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11
Q

prodromal stage

A

symptoms but very general

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12
Q

illness stage

A

characteristic symptoms

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13
Q

period of decline

A

illness declines

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14
Q

period of resolution

A

illness is basically gone

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15
Q

three types of spread

A

communicable, contagious, noncommunicable

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16
Q

communicable

A

can be passed

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17
Q

contagious

A

can be passed very readily

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18
Q

noncommunicable

A

cannot be passed from person to person

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19
Q

Sporadic

A

no real pattern

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20
Q

endemic

A

constantly present

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21
Q

epidemic

A

disease occurring in excess of normal epidemic

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22
Q

pandemic

A

worldwide epidemic

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23
Q

Acute

A

rapid onset, rapid clearing

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24
Q

chronic

A

slow onset, last very long

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25
latent
show symptom, periods in-between
26
Local infection
strep, cut, old
27
systemic infection
whole body
28
primary infection
first infection followed by secondary
29
subclinical or asymptomatic
carrier of pathogen without symptoms, chronic
30
Nosocomial infection
infection contracted at a hospital
31
Germ theory
Robert Koch, worked with bacillus anthrax
32
five requirements for pathogens to be pathogenic
entry, attachment, survival, damage, exit
33
portal of entry
mucus membrane, skin, parental routes (punctures)
34
Virulence factors
factors that contribute to a pathogens success and ability to cause disease
35
Ebola
Etiology: Ebola virus Reservoir: animals like bats, humans Transmission: direct contact of fluids Signs and Symptoms: fever, severe headache, fatigue, unexplained hemorrhaging. Symptoms may appear anywhere from 2-21 days Treatment and Prevention: sustaining individual until they can fight off the virus i.e fluids, oxygen, and blood pressure medication -prevent contact with infected individuals
36
HIV
Etiology: Human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2, enveloped Reservoir: Humans Transmission: sexual contact or contaminated needles Signs and Symptoms:2-4 weeks brief flu symptoms, enters latent stage, can develop AIDS within 10 years down the road Treatment and Prevention: safe sex, anti-retroviral drug therapy
37
HPV
Etiology: Papillomaviridae Reservoir: Humans Transmission: sexual contact of contact with contaminated fluids Signs and Symptoms: commonly asymptomatic, genital warts, some develop into cancer Treatment and Prevention: vaccines Cervarix and Gardasil, safe sex
38
MRSA
Etiology: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, gram positive, non-motile, staphylococcal, produces endotoxin Reservoir: humans Transmission: objects contaminated with human flora, skin to skin contact, sharing personal items, open wounds Signs and Symptoms: red, swollen, pus filled lesion on skin, painful, Often confused with spider bite Treatment and Prevention: drainage of pus, antibiotic NOT in penicillin family. -avoid sharing personal items and keep wounds clean
39
The Cold
Etiology: Rhinovirus, naked virus, very very small, 100 different serotypes Reservoir: humans Transmission: 1 virus can cause infection, confined to upper respiratory tract, droplets and direct and indirect contact Signs and Symptoms: flu like symptoms Treatment and Prevention: fluids and rest, wash hands and be cautious when around sick people
40
The Flu
Etiology: Influenza virus, 2 different protein spikes- Hand N, 8 segments which allows for reassortment Reservoir: humans, can come from animals from antigenic shift Transmission: droplets, fomites, confined to upper respiratory system Signs and Symptoms: flu symptoms Treatment and Prevention: liquids, rest, vaccine, Tamiflu within 24-48 hours of infection
41
Pneumonia
Etiology: streptococcal pnemoniea, gram positive, coccal, polysaccharide capsule Reservoir: humans Transmission: opportunistic pathogen, secondary infection Signs and Symptoms: mucus in lungs, flu symptoms Treatment and Prevention: antibiotics, maintaining healthy flora
42
Attachment
fimbriae and capsules
43
Anti-phagocytic structures
capsule, cell walls
44
Damage
enzymes, endotoxins (LPS), exotoxins
45
Exoenzymes
released from cells and damage host tissues - Luekocidins- kill white blood cells - Hemolysins- cause the lysis of RBC's
46
Hemolysins
- beta hemolysin-complete breakdown of red blood cell | - alpha hemolysin- incomplete breakdown of red blood cells
47
Enzymes
streptokinase/staphylokinase, coagulase, collegenase, Hyaluronidase
48
Streptokinase/staphylokinase
breaks down blood clots
49
Coagulase
cause the formation of blood clots | -almost all pathogenic strains of s. aureus produce this enzyme
50
Collegenase
breaks down collagen | -produced by clostridium perfringens that cause gas gangrene
51
Hyaluronidase
breaks down connective tissue | - facilitates spread and causes damage
52
Exotoxins
substances released from bacteria that damage tissue
53
Erythrogenic toxins
damage cells lining capillaries and cause blood to leak out under skin -scarlet fever
54
enterotoxins
cause damage to gastrointestinal tract | -caused by an electrolyte imbalance causing water to flow into large intestine which results in diarrhea
55
What cause the most damage?
toxins and enzymes
56
What makes an enzyme?
If it catalyzes a chemical reaction
57
What makes a toxin?
If it binds to a receptor
58
Neurotoxins
inhibit the normal functioning of the nervous system - tetanus toxin blocks inhibitory nerve impulses that allow muscles to relax - botulinum toxin inhibits the functioning of motor neurons causing flaccid paralysis (muscles can't contract)
59
Super Antigens
toxins that cause major damage to the host | -toxic shock syndrome caused by super antigen produced by staphylococcus aureus
60
Endotoxin
lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide causes - fever - shock - rash
61
Damage from the immune response
cross-reactive antibodies and strep throat - can lead to rheumatic fever - some pathogens cause damage by stimulating an excessive immune response
62
Epidemiology
the study of when a where diseases occur - how they are transmitted - what the etiology (cause) is - how they can be controlled
63
Morbidity
state of being diseased
64
Mortality
death
65
CDC
Center for disease control and prevention, nations center for epidemiology -tracks infectious diseases nationwide
66
WHO
worldwide health organization overseen by UN
67
John Snow
Cholera outbreak, Broadstreet in London, took the handle off of the spout
68
Mechanisms of transmission
from one person to another - direct - STD - indirect -fomite - droplet
69
Vehicle transmission
transmission of disease by water, food, or air
70
Vector transmission
fomites, insects

Microbiology Lab (9 decks)

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