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Microbiology Lab > Microbiology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tetanus

A

Etiology: enters body through cut or wound, obligate anaerobe, bacillus, motile
Reservoir: SOIL
Transmission: deep wounds
Signs and Symptoms: high blood pressure, stiff muscles
Treatment and Prevention: shot of tetanus immune gloubulin

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2
Q

Pertussis

A

Etiology: Bordetella pertussis, gram -, cocobacillus, non-motile, has capsule
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: person to person, droplets
Signs and Symptoms: rapid coughing, vomiting, exhaustion, weight loss/malnutrition
Treatment and Prevention: antibiotics, vaccines, proper hygiene
DTaP vaccine

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3
Q

Chickenpox-Shingles

A

Etiology: chicken pox/shingles VIRUS, enveloped double stranded DNA, varacella-roster
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: direct contact, airborne particles, fomites, chicken-pox parties
Signs and Symptoms: fever, rash, lesions, headache, chills, pain, tiredness
Treatment and Prevention: vaccine, acyclovir treatment- helps lessen severity

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4
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Etiology: physicians required to report, neisseria gonorrehoeae, aerobic, gram-negative, diplococci
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: sexually transmitted
Signs and Symptoms: bleeding, strange discharge, discomfort urinating, but many are not aware that they are infected because they have no symptoms
Treatment and Prevention: antibiotics and abstinence

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5
Q

Meningococcal Meningitis

A

Etiology: Neisseria meningitidis, gram -, diplococci, non-motile, capsule
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: person to person (coughing, kissing), rare droplets
Signs and Symptoms: sudden fever, vomiting, rash, brain swelling, seizures, sweating, stiff neck, light sensitivity, headache, confusion, low/no appetite
Treatment and Prevention: antibiotics, vaccine

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6
Q

Mononucleosis

A

Etiology: Epstein Barr virus or human herpes virus, enveloped double stranded DNA, really good at becoming latent, go into latency in nerves,
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: direct contact with saliva,
Signs and Symptoms: takes 4-7 weeks to show symptoms, swollen lymph nodes in armpits and neck, rash fever, swollen liver, extreme fatigue, head and body ache, sore throat
Treatment and Prevention: no vaccine, only ways to soothe the symptoms

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7
Q

Measles

A

Etiology: measles virus, enveloped, single stranded RNA-cytoplasm
Reservoir: Humans
Transmission: droplets, contaminated surfaces
Signs and Symptoms: high fever, runny nose, spots in mouth, body rash
Treatment and Prevention: pain treatment and vaccines MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella)

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8
Q

Polio

A

Etiology: Poliomyelitis. poliovirus, single stranded RNA, has capsid protein coat, mainly affects children
Reservoir: humans, fecal
Transmission: person to person contact, less common droplets
Signs and Symptoms: high fevers, flue like symptoms, small portion of those infected experience intense muscle pain, meningitis, pins and needles, and paralysis
Treatment and Prevention: public sanitation and vaccines

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9
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Etiology: mycobacterium tuberculosis, non-motile, ACID-FAST, waxy lipid coating, obligate aerobe, “consumption”
Reservoir: humans
Transmission: people cough and the particles fly everywhere and people breathe them in.
Signs and Symptoms: bad cough, pain in chest, coughing up blood, weight loss
Treatment and Prevention: antibiotics for a long time because m. tuberculosis is a slow growing bacteria. Sometimes take 2-3 antibiotics at a time because tuberculosis is one of the most resistant. Vaccine BCG is a preventative.

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10
Q

Influenza

A

Etiology: influenza virus
Reservoir: Humans influenza B, pigs, ducks, wild birds influenza A
Transmission: droplets, less common person to person
Signs and Symptoms: flu like symptoms, 1-4 day incubation
Treatment and Prevention: vaccination, personal and public hygiene, herd immunity, antiviral drug

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11
Q

Symptom

A

what the patient feels, i.e. yucky

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12
Q

Factors that affect bacterial growth

A

temperature, oxygen, pH or acidity, moisture or water, food

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13
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

has to have oxygen

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14
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

cannot have oxygen (intestines)

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15
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

can grow in both oxygen and no oxygen but prefers oxygen

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16
Q

Aerotolerant

A

tolerate oxygen but doesn’t use it

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17
Q

acidic

A

more hydrogen

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18
Q

basic

A

less hydrogen

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19
Q

Acidophile

A

bacteria that like acidic environments (yogurt bacteria)

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20
Q

Neutrophiles

A

bacterial the like range 7 environments

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21
Q

Alkalphile

A

bacteria that like basic environments

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22
Q

Isotonic

A

balanced solutes inside and outside cell membrane

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23
Q

Hypotonic

A

more solutes IN cell than outside. Water tries to get in but cell wall prohibits

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24
Q

Hypertonic

A

more solutes outside of cell, water is sucked out of cell. Honey

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25
Q

What does growth mean?

A

more cells

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26
Q

Binary fission

A

Membrane starts to pinch, cell wall starts to close off, SEPTEM pinches in middle

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27
Q

How do bacterial reproduce?

A

Binary fission, allows for exponential growth.

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28
Q

Doubling/generation time

A

the time it takes for one batch of cells to Double

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29
Q

What are the two media types and give examples

A

-Selective: MSA and MacConkey

Differential: MSA MacConkey

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30
Q

Selective media type

A

Only certain TYPES of bacteria can grow on it, i.e. gram positive or negative, “selects for”

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31
Q

Differentail

A

Bacteria that ferment something i.e. will this bacteria ferment lactose or mannitol?

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32
Q

Closed culture bacteria curve

A

Lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, death phase

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33
Q

Lag phase

A

beginning phase, takes time for bacteria to adjust

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34
Q

Exponential phase

A

exponentially grow using binary fission

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35
Q

Stationary phase

A

cells become limited, wastes buildup, nutrients are used up

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36
Q

Death phase

A

endospores, bacteria death is more than growth

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37
Q

Biofilm

A

bacteria uses capsules of sticky polysaccharides to stick together and form a film. Biofilms are detrimental to dental care but perhaps beneficial for gut health if bacterial are harmless to humans

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38
Q

What are the four types of counting microbial growth?

A

Microscope count, Dilution plate, Turbidity, Coulter counter

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39
Q

Microscope count

A

count number within one grid

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40
Q

Microscope count

A

count number within one grid, direct

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41
Q

Dilution plate

A

Counts only living cells, put inoculation loop through five batches of agar, diluting each as they go. You want between 30-300 to be considered statistically significant, direct.

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42
Q

Turbidity

A

transmission through media, spectrophotometer, indirect

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43
Q

Coulter counter

A

uses light to count cells that go through tiny tubes, counts the shadows, direct.

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44
Q

Which provides a more accurate count of microbes growing in a culture, “direct” or “indirect?

A

Direct because you count each individual one and sometimes just the living cells. (most accurate)

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45
Q

Sterilization

A

process of killing ALL forms of life. It either IS sterile or it ISN’T

46
Q

Disinfection

A

targeting disease-causing agents (pathogens).

47
Q

Disinfectant

A

a chemical that kills pathogens, Inanimate objects such as linens

48
Q

Antiseptic

A

a chemical that kills pathogens usually restricted

49
Q

Antiseptic

A

a chemical that kills pathogens usually restricted to chemicals used on skin and mucosal membranes.

50
Q

Sanitizers

A

a disinfectant used on food handling equipment

51
Q

Degerming

A

wash off bacteria, doesn’t kill (had washing)

52
Q

Degerming

A

wash off bacteria, doesn’t kill (had washing)

53
Q

Psycrophile

A

Optimum at around 0 degrees C

54
Q

Degerming

A

wash off bacteria, doesn’t kill (hand washing, antibiotic soaps Do kill bacteria)

55
Q

Thermophile

A

Optimum around 70 degrees C, Extreme thermophile peaks around 130 degrees C, hydrothermal vents

56
Q

Thermophile

A

Optimum around 70 degrees C, Extreme thermophile peaks around 130 degrees C, hydrothermal vents

57
Q

Microaerophile

A

requires perfect amount of oxygen, “Goldie Locks”

58
Q

Bacteriostatic agent

A

a substance that INHIBITS bacteria growth, doesn’t kill.

59
Q

How do things like heat and disinfectants kill bacteria?

A

Injury to the plasma membrane, damage to proteins, damage to nucleic acids

60
Q

Germicide or bacteriocide

A

agent that KILLS bacteria

61
Q

Why is an autoclave more efficient than boiling?

A

Moist heat, steam under pressure is one of the most efficient sterilizing agents. 121 degrees for 15 minutes. The autoclave pressure allows water to get hotter than the usual boiling point.

62
Q

Boiling water

A

kills all vegetative cells within a few minutes

63
Q

Pasteurization

A

63 degrees for 30 min
72 degrees for 15 sec
-Time and temp are not linear

64
Q

Dry heat

A

takes longer and higher temperatures than most heat to kill microbes. Takes longer to reach the same penetration.

  • flaming
  • incineration
65
Q

Low temperature

A

not a method of sterilization but does inhibit the growth of microbes. The enzymes more slower in colder temps

66
Q

Filtering

A

used for air and materials that would be damaged by heat

  • you CAN sterilize a liquid with filtering
  • HEPA filters
67
Q

Deciccation

A

removal of all water from a substance

-freeze drying

68
Q

Ionizing Radiation

A

causes mutation in DNA and possibly affects enzyme function. X-rays and gamma rays. Very powerful and damaging. used on spices,

69
Q

UV radiation

A

used in rooms, lab hoods, etc.

70
Q

Antimicrobial drugs

A

need less of,

71
Q

Antimicrobial drugs

A

need less of vs disinfectants that you need more of

72
Q

antibiotics

A

most that have been discovered have come from soil, bacteria don’t want competition, Flemmings discovery of penicillin against staph aureus

73
Q

Antimicrobial medications

A

selective toxicity

74
Q

Narrow spectrum

A

targets a few microbes

75
Q

broad spectrum

A

broad targets, used to start killing microbes before known pathogen can be isolated

76
Q

What are the five ways that antibiotics work? (method)

A

inhibition of cell wall synthesis, inhibition of ribosome (protein synthesis), damage to the plasma membrane, inhibition of nucleic acid, disruption of metabolic pathways

77
Q

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A

penicillin, cross-bridges synthesis in peptidoglycan, effective against actively growing cells. VANCOMYCIN, BACITRACIN

78
Q

heavy metals

A

kill microbes by binding to proteins, thus inhibiting enzymatic activity, small amounts do great damage. Mercury, silver, nickel, copper, zinc

79
Q

halogens (iodine and chlorine)

A

bleach, fluoride

80
Q

alcohols

A

They work by rapidly denaturing proteins, which inhibits cell metabolism, and by disrupting membranes, which leads to cell lysis, hand sanitizers, tinctures

81
Q

surfactants (soaps and detergents)

A

compounds that lower the surface tension of water. Degerming

82
Q

chlorhexidine

A

Bisbiguanides,disrupts cell membranes and is bacteriostatic at lower concentrations or bactericidal at higher concentrations, in which it actually causes the cells’ cytoplasmic contents to congeal.

83
Q

formalin

A

gaseous disinfectant and biocide,has the ability to kill bacteria, viruses, fungi, and endospores, leading to sterilization at low temperatures,

84
Q

eythelyne oxide gas

A

highly penetrating and can sterilize items within plastic bags such as catheters, disposable items in laboratories and clinical settings

85
Q

peroxygens

A

producing free radicals that damage cellular macromolecules

86
Q

peroxygens

A

producing free radicals that damage cellular macromolecules

87
Q

Inhibition of protein synthesis

A

Streptomycin, tetracyline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin

88
Q

Damage to cell membranes

A

polymyxin B, disrupts the plasma membrane by attaching to phospholipids, Neosporin

89
Q

Ehrlich

A

“silver bullet” for syphilis

90
Q

Nucleic acid synthesis

A

Rifampin-blocks transcription

ciprofloxacin- Blocks DNA replication

91
Q

Disruption of metabolic pathways

A

sulfonamides, do damage somewhere along the way so that the end result isn’t reached

92
Q

Antibiotic resistance comes mot commonly from:

A

spontaneous mutation, plasmids

93
Q

Four mechanisms of resistance

A

destroy the drug, modify drugs target site, increase drug elimination through efflux pump, block penetration

94
Q

Four ways antibiotic resistance is fueled

A

overuse, use by immunosuppressed individuals, failure to follow prescription and complete dose, use of antibiotics in animal feed.

95
Q

Antibiotic resistant diseases

A

MRSA, VRSA (vancomycin), multi-drug resistant TB, penicillin-resistant enterococcus

96
Q

Phage therapy

A

introducing viruses into body to attack bacteria, bacteriophages

97
Q

Probiotics

A

introduce live, good, bacteria into the body to outcompete any pathogenic, bad, bacteria. good for repopulating

98
Q

Anti-fungal drugs

A

fungal cells are very similar to our cells, selective toxicity is much more difficult to attain

99
Q

Disk diffusion test

A

look for the zone of inhibition

100
Q

White blood cells

A

phagocytosis- engulf bacteria and viruses and digest them, “cell eating”, what fight infections

101
Q

cytotoxic T-cells

A

kill virus infected cells. Common cold

102
Q

B-cells

A

produce antibodies- target antigens for destruction

103
Q

Vaccines

A

mock sickness, prepare your cytotoxic T-cells and B-cells for real viral infection by using pieces. Inactivated form of a disease, collection of antigens from common disease causing pathogens.

104
Q

Helper T-cells

A

activate be and CT cells

105
Q

passive immunization

A

delivery of pre-formed antibodies through natural (placenta and breast milk), and gamma globulin, anti-venom, and anti-toxins

106
Q

Active immunization

A

production of antibodies in the host

-vaccination and natural infection progression

107
Q

Attenuated vaccines

A

live, using living but weakened (heat treated) pathogens

108
Q

Inactivated vaccines

A

whole agents, killed/inactivated pathogens, boosters

109
Q

Subunit vaccines

A

only the antibodies from the pathogen are used, some are recombinant vaccines

110
Q

Toxoid

A

inactivated toxins, most problems with bacteria and viral infections are the TOXINS and the PROTEINS that they produce

111
Q

phycrotrophs

A

refrigerator temps

Microbiology Lab (9 decks)

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