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Microbiology Lab > Eukaryotic Microorganisms > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

Nosocomial infections

A

infections contracted by individuals who went to the hospital for a different issue.

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2
Q

Three domains of life

A

Bacteria, eukarya, archaea

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3
Q

Hooke

A

Cell theory, saw cork cell. All things are composed of cells.

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4
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

father of microbiology, built his own microscope, “wee little beasties”, identified microorganisms.

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5
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Found link between viruses and disease. Solved France’s wine problem with bacteria and fermentation. Told them to pasteurize the grape juice first, hence the name pasteurization.

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6
Q

Koch

A

Germ theory. Discovered some microorganisms were detrimental to health. Tested on live animals with the tissue of those who had died from anthrax to find a link between them and disease. Showed bacterial-disease correlation.

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7
Q

Semmelweis

A

Hand washing, child bed fever

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8
Q

Lister

A

Very thorough in his disinfecting before-during-after surgeries and proved to scientific community that microbes are detrimental to human health.

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9
Q

Coccus

A

spherical

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10
Q

Arrangements

A

Diplo- 2
Strepto- “chain”
Staphylo- “grapes”

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11
Q

Bacillus

A

rod

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12
Q

Biofilm

A

bacteria covering a surface using capsules to stick

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13
Q

Spirillium, spirochete

A

corkscrew

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14
Q

All coccus and bacillus cells have:

A

cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, membrane

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15
Q

Some bacteria have:

A

cell wall, outer membrane, capsule, inclusions, plasmids, flagellum, endospores.

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16
Q

What is a capsule composed of?

A

carbohydrates, don’t stain, uses polysaccarides to fool immune system

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17
Q

Purpose of plasmids

A

gene pockets that are passed to other bacterial with beneficial traits such as antibiotic resistance.

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18
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

A

Phospholipids in bilayers with proteins on surface for detection, transport, and communication.

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19
Q

What are cell walls made of?

A

peptidoglycan

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20
Q

What is the composition of peptidoglycan?

A

Strands of two carbohydrates: NAM and NAG connected together by covalent bonds. Multiple strands are connected together using amino acids.

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21
Q

Why is a cell wall like a cage?

A

It holds the plasma membrane in from expanding too much from osmotic pressure.
-Penicillin breaks down cell walls which make cells rupture from osmotic pressure.

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22
Q

Explain a Gram positive cell wall

A

Multiple layers of peptidoglycan stacked on top of one another and held together with techoic acid.

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23
Q

Explain a Gram Negative cell wall

A

Two membranes, inner and outer. The inner membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with a gap/buffer and then a single layer of peptidoglycan, followed by another filler and a phospholipid layer mixed with a layer of LPS on top.

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24
Q

What are the four steps of Gram staining?

A
  1. apply crystal violet
  2. apply grams iodine- helps crystals crystalize
  3. wash with alcohol- decolorizes gram negative
  4. . Secondary stain of safranin to stain gram negatives
25
Q

What colors are the positive gram stain and which are the negative?

A

Purple=positive

Red/pink=negative

26
Q

Flagella

A

Uses energy from ATP to spin flagella.

27
Q

Monotrichous

A

one hair

28
Q

lophitrichous

A

multiple at one end

29
Q

Amphirichous

A

one at each end

30
Q

pefitrichous

A

multiple on whole body

31
Q

Run and tumble directions

A 
Run= counterclockwise
Tumble= clockwise
32
Q

Chemotaxis

A

moving towards food and away from danger

33
Q

Axial filaments

A

inside outer sheath, causes cell to move like a corkscrew

34
Q

Fimbriae

A

Allows attachment to cells that are different

35
Q

Pili/pilus

A

attach to bacteria and transfer plasmid

36
Q

Ribosomes

A

produce proteins

37
Q

Plasmids `

A

small circular strands of DNA

38
Q

Endospores

A
  • Gram Positive
  • Clostridium and Bacillus only two genra
  • Protect against heat, dehydration, radiation
39
Q

Sporulation

A

formation of endospore

40
Q

Spore coat

A

Composed of peptidoglycan, comes from vegetative cell

41
Q

Tetnis

A

Anaerobic, endospore in soil, deep wounds causes problems

42
Q

Botulism

A

anaerobic, endospores in soil get on beans

43
Q

What is a viruses main purpose?

A

to replicate

44
Q

What main components to viruses Not have that makes them non-living?

A

No ATP or protein generating mechanisms. Cannot initiate chemical reactions on their own.

45
Q

What is a viroid?

A

Virus outside of the cell

46
Q

Two components all viruses have

A

Nucleic acids, protein coat

47
Q

Some Viruses have:

A

envelopes which they take from their host cell

48
Q

Three shapes of viral capsids:

A

Polyhedral-many faced cube
Helical-tube of protein
Combination- “Lunar model”

49
Q

Name the six steps of animal virus replication:

A 
1- Attachment
2- Entry 
3- Uncovering
4- Synthesis
5- Assembly
6- Exit
50
Q

What determines the host range and the type of cells that a virus can infect?

A

attachment proteins or spikes

51
Q

How does entry of a virus occur?

A

penetration of a virus occurs by endocytosis or membrane fusion

52
Q

What is the most critical step in animal virus replication?

A

attachment

53
Q

What are the two ways that the new viruses can leave a cell?

A

Lysis- bursting of the cell, naked viruses

Budding- envelope is taken with as the virus slowly buds from cell.

54
Q

Where is viral RNA replicated?

A

in the cytoplasm

55
Q

Which RNA has to have an enzyme switch to turn into DNA?

A
  • RNA (negative)
56
Q

Retrovirus

A

HIV, can turn RNA to DNA and back again

57
Q

Viroids

A

Infectious RNA, only in plants, no proteins, self replicating

58
Q

Prions

A

infectious proteins, non-living, no nucleic acid, Kuru, long incubation periods, non-immune response inducing

Microbiology Lab (9 decks)

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