Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Question 1

Nosocomial infections

Answer 1

infections contracted by individuals who went to the hospital for a different issue.

Question 2

Three domains of life

Answer 2

Bacteria, eukarya, archaea

Question 3

Hooke

Answer 3

Cell theory, saw cork cell. All things are composed of cells.

Question 4

Leeuwenhoek

Answer 4

father of microbiology, built his own microscope, “wee little beasties”, identified microorganisms.

Question 5

Louis Pasteur

Answer 5

Found link between viruses and disease. Solved France’s wine problem with bacteria and fermentation. Told them to pasteurize the grape juice first, hence the name pasteurization.

Question 6

Koch

Answer 6

Germ theory. Discovered some microorganisms were detrimental to health. Tested on live animals with the tissue of those who had died from anthrax to find a link between them and disease. Showed bacterial-disease correlation.

Question 7

Semmelweis

Answer 7

Hand washing, child bed fever

Question 8

Lister

Answer 8

Very thorough in his disinfecting before-during-after surgeries and proved to scientific community that microbes are detrimental to human health.

Question 9

Coccus

Answer 9

spherical

Question 10

Arrangements

Answer 10

Diplo- 2
Strepto- “chain”
Staphylo- “grapes”

Question 11

Bacillus

Answer 11

rod

Question 12

Biofilm

Answer 12

bacteria covering a surface using capsules to stick

Question 13

Spirillium, spirochete

Answer 13

corkscrew

Question 14

All coccus and bacillus cells have:

Answer 14

cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, membrane

Question 15

Some bacteria have:

Answer 15

cell wall, outer membrane, capsule, inclusions, plasmids, flagellum, endospores.

Question 16

What is a capsule composed of?

Answer 16

carbohydrates, don’t stain, uses polysaccarides to fool immune system

Question 17

Purpose of plasmids

Answer 17

gene pockets that are passed to other bacterial with beneficial traits such as antibiotic resistance.

Question 18

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

Answer 18

Phospholipids in bilayers with proteins on surface for detection, transport, and communication.

Question 19

What are cell walls made of?

Answer 19

peptidoglycan

Question 20

What is the composition of peptidoglycan?

Answer 20

Strands of two carbohydrates: NAM and NAG connected together by covalent bonds. Multiple strands are connected together using amino acids.

Question 21

Why is a cell wall like a cage?

Answer 21

It holds the plasma membrane in from expanding too much from osmotic pressure.
-Penicillin breaks down cell walls which make cells rupture from osmotic pressure.

Question 22

Explain a Gram positive cell wall

Answer 22

Multiple layers of peptidoglycan stacked on top of one another and held together with techoic acid.

Question 23

Explain a Gram Negative cell wall

Answer 23

Two membranes, inner and outer. The inner membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with a gap/buffer and then a single layer of peptidoglycan, followed by another filler and a phospholipid layer mixed with a layer of LPS on top.

Question 24

What are the four steps of Gram staining?

Answer 24

1. apply crystal violet
2. apply grams iodine- helps crystals crystalize
3. wash with alcohol- decolorizes gram negative
4. . Secondary stain of safranin to stain gram negatives

Question 25

What colors are the positive gram stain and which are the negative?

Answer 25

Purple=positive | Red/pink=negative

Question 26

Flagella

Answer 26

Uses energy from ATP to spin flagella.

Question 27

Monotrichous

Answer 27

one hair

Question 28

lophitrichous

Answer 28

multiple at one end

Question 29

Amphirichous

Answer 29

one at each end

Question 30

pefitrichous

Answer 30

multiple on whole body

Question 31

Run and tumble directions

Answer 31

``` Run= counterclockwise Tumble= clockwise ```

Question 32

Chemotaxis

Answer 32

moving towards food and away from danger

Question 33

Axial filaments

Answer 33

inside outer sheath, causes cell to move like a corkscrew

Question 34

Fimbriae

Answer 34

Allows attachment to cells that are different

Question 35

Pili/pilus

Answer 35

attach to bacteria and transfer plasmid

Question 36

Ribosomes

Answer 36

produce proteins

Question 37

Plasmids `

Answer 37

small circular strands of DNA

Question 38

Endospores

Answer 38

- Gram Positive - Clostridium and Bacillus only two genra - Protect against heat, dehydration, radiation

Question 39

Sporulation

Answer 39

formation of endospore

Question 40

Spore coat

Answer 40

Composed of peptidoglycan, comes from vegetative cell

Question 41

Tetnis

Answer 41

Anaerobic, endospore in soil, deep wounds causes problems

Question 42

Botulism

Answer 42

anaerobic, endospores in soil get on beans

Question 43

What is a viruses main purpose?

Answer 43

to replicate

Question 44

What main components to viruses Not have that makes them non-living?

Answer 44

No ATP or protein generating mechanisms. Cannot initiate chemical reactions on their own.

Question 45

What is a viroid?

Answer 45

Virus outside of the cell

Question 46

Two components all viruses have

Answer 46

Nucleic acids, protein coat

Question 47

Some Viruses have:

Answer 47

envelopes which they take from their host cell

Question 48

Three shapes of viral capsids:

Answer 48

Polyhedral-many faced cube Helical-tube of protein Combination- "Lunar model"

Question 49

Name the six steps of animal virus replication:

Answer 49

``` 1- Attachment 2- Entry 3- Uncovering 4- Synthesis 5- Assembly 6- Exit ```

Question 50

What determines the host range and the type of cells that a virus can infect?

Answer 50

attachment proteins or spikes

Question 51

How does entry of a virus occur?

Answer 51

penetration of a virus occurs by endocytosis or membrane fusion

Question 52

What is the most critical step in animal virus replication?

Answer 52

attachment

Question 53

What are the two ways that the new viruses can leave a cell?

Answer 53

Lysis- bursting of the cell, naked viruses | Budding- envelope is taken with as the virus slowly buds from cell.

Question 54

Where is viral RNA replicated?

Answer 54

in the cytoplasm

Question 55

Which RNA has to have an enzyme switch to turn into DNA?

Answer 55

- RNA (negative)

Question 56

Retrovirus

Answer 56

HIV, can turn RNA to DNA and back again

Question 57

Viroids

Answer 57

Infectious RNA, only in plants, no proteins, self replicating

Question 58

Prions

Answer 58

infectious proteins, non-living, no nucleic acid, Kuru, long incubation periods, non-immune response inducing