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Class Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the social smile?

A

Huge smile at the sight of a complete face at two to three months.

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2
Q

What do babies not like?

A

Unexpressive faces.

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3
Q

What do babies reflexively do? When?

A

Smile at faces. Sixty days. Royce picks up Rosalie.

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4
Q

What two things are probably present in infants?

A

Emotional expression and recognition.

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5
Q

What binds parent and baby?

A

Happiness.

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6
Q

When does the social smile first appear?

A

Six to ten weeks.

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7
Q

When does laughter appear?

A

Three to four months.

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8
Q

Who can’t recognize emotions on faces?

A

Those with autism, psychopaths: don’t experience the same emotions as we do. Can’t read
Their emotions on their face.

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9
Q

What did Echman do?

A

Went to a New Guine tribe, showed them faces, had more trouble with fear, facial recognition is genetically coded??? More tribes find the same kind of thing.

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10
Q

What did Darwin think of emotion?

A

They were innate and universal.

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11
Q

What did Darwin think about our ancestors and emotion?

A

Darwin speculated that because our primate ancestors are highly social, yet lacked language, they used facial expressions to communicate socially.

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12
Q

What emotions are women better at detecting?

A

Happiness and fear.

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13
Q

Which sex has a lower threshold for pain?

A

Women.

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14
Q

How do women differ in their emotional expression? (4)

A

Greater range of emotions, experience emotions more intensely, display emotions more frequently, are better in reading emotions.

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15
Q

How do men gain social approval?

A

They show positive emotion.

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16
Q

What happens if you frown all the time?

A

More likely to be pessimistic, cynical.

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17
Q

What is the duchenne smile?

A

The true smile.

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18
Q

How good at detecting falsehoods? What is the chance that we will detect lying?

A

Not great at it, no better than chance. Fifty fifty chance.

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19
Q

How much work does lying take?

A

It’s hard work, it takes a lot of effort to hide emotions.

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20
Q

How can we detect lying?

A

Looking at the facial expressions.

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21
Q

Who were good at detecting lying? What was their percentage of getting it right?

A

People who have aphasia learned to look at facial expressions, ¾ times.

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22
Q

What do we pay more attention to when people speak?

A

The words, not the facial expressions.

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23
Q

How are lie detectors innacurate/accurate?

A

It is accurate by an expert, who knows what they are doing with it.

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24
Q

What is the bottom line of lying?

A

Our words may lie, but we can’t hide our emotions.

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25
Q

What are the three components of emotion?

A

Activation of specific mental processes: Stored memories positive or negative,
Arousal: why? The amygdala sends a signal to the body
Behavior

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26
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Encodes emotional memories, where truamitic experiences go.

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27
Q

What happens after therapy?

A

The frontal cortex is activated, trying to turn down the volume of that memory.

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28
Q

What can happen with your body with chronic anger?

A

It can damage the heart.

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29
Q

What is the fast path?

A

Emotional stiumlus to the thalamus, and then to the amygdala.

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30
Q

What is the cold path?

A

An emotional stimulus, to the thalamus, to the frontal cortex, then turns the amygdala down.

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31
Q

What is the women type of aggression?

A

Verbal aggression.

Relational aggression.

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32
Q

What is deadly?

A

Seething anger that you have all the time.

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33
Q

Psychopaths have what differences in their brain?

What can they not do?

A

Low activation of the high road of the prefrontal cortex.

Also not good at recognizing facial expressions resulting in lack of empathy.

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34
Q

What percent of the whole population is a psychopath?

A

1

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35
Q

What do psychopaths have a hard time doing? (2)

A

Impulse control, anger management.

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36
Q

How does a psychopath come about?

A

By heredity and environment.

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37
Q

What percent of prison inmates have antisocial personalities?

A

Sixty.

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38
Q

What happens when you place an electrode in certain parts of the amygdala?

A

Trigger aggression.

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39
Q

Who is Charles Whitman?

A

Got headaches, bought a bunch of guns, and started to shoot people, killed 20 people, left a note, make sure they do an autopsy on my brain, I think there is something wrong with My brain. Turns out he had a tumor had an amygdala on his brain.
.

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40
Q

What’s the deal with yo-yo dieting? How much do you gain back? At what length?

A

You gain it all back, but three to five percent more!!!!
Short term they do work.
At one year everyone has gained it back.

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41
Q

Cardio vs. weightlifting?

A

Weightlifting you burn more calories throughout the day, more effective in the long term to burn more calories.

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42
Q

What did the study of rats find?

A

Active rats were more lean.

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43
Q

What did the obesity study find?

A

It was not calorie intake that related to their size, but rather how much they fidgeted,

Can lose as much as 700 calories.

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44
Q

The same places of high obesity is also what?

A

Places of being sedentary.

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45
Q

Why do babies lose all their fat? When?

A

At about nine months of age, they begin to walk!

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46
Q

What happens when a country gets more westernized, like China?

A

They get fatter.

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47
Q

What is the sad statistic about weight gain?

A

After two years off the diet, ninety-five percent gain it back.

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48
Q

How can you change your set point?

A

Have a high activity level.

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49
Q

What is the relationship between diet and exercise in weight loss?

A

Exercise trumps diet.

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50
Q

Are there fat genes?

A

Yes, there are 117 genes involved in obesity.

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51
Q

What predicts normal weight?

A

Eating family meals together.

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52
Q

When does obesity start? What contributes?

A

It starts early in life, genetic and cultural factors.

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53
Q

What is considered obese?

A

20 percent heavier than the medical ideal.

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54
Q

What is the study with the monkeys?

What did it show?

A

Active monkeys 8 times more active than the most sedentary monkeys, food intake not related to weight, but activity level does.

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55
Q

How much you are going to weigh is more determined by what?

A

Your activity level, exercise.

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56
Q

What is the key study?

A

Men captured and put in concentration camp, mimic what they saw in the concentration camp, volunteered to be in study, they talked about food, they went back to their own
weight with two or three pounds on average, when they went home and ate normally.

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57
Q

What about the German study?

A

Write down everything you eat, in second year, he cut back 10 percent, his weight was the freakin same.

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58
Q

What is the point about the heritability of gayness?

A

There is not a gay gene, rather many genes affect it, called polygenic.

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59
Q

Who is Marc Yu?

A

The piano kid genius.

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60
Q

What did Natasha Paremski say?

A

Learned piano, it’s all about passion.

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61
Q

IQ was ranked as what?

A

Most significant in scientific discovery along with nuclear fission, DNA, and the transistor.

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62
Q

Who invented the IQ test? Why?

A

Alfred Binet and Simon. They were trying to identify children that needed extra help.

Simon Cowell: Boy, you better do good.

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63
Q

What does the IQ test allow?

A

Comparison.

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64
Q

What did William Stern do?

A

Revised how we calculate IQ so people don’t look like they are getting stupid with age.

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65
Q

What does DW test test? :D

A

Performance and verbal subsets.

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66
Q

What does G factor mean?

A

If you perform well at math, then you might perform well at reading.

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67
Q

What did Hopkins do?

A

Developed an IQ test for chimpanzees by giving them puzzles. He found that some chimps are smart, which he found smartness runs in the families.

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68
Q

What did Sternberg think?

A

Three specific intelligences: Analytical, Practical, Creative.

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69
Q

What is the problem for Gardner and Sternberg’s theory?

A

All are correlated with G intelligence, including EQ.

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70
Q

What does the Stanford Binet test?

A

Ages two to adult.

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71
Q

What did Terman do along with a committee?

A

Created a test that would determine if they would make good officers for World War One.

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72
Q

Who wrote the Bell Curve?

What did they say?

A

Hernstein and Murray

Higher IQ, you make more money, have better success in life.

Think of Frankenstein holding a book with a bell curve getting off the Murray station.

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73
Q

What are the “termites”?

A

Terman’s geniuses.

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74
Q

What was Terman’s exception?

A

High IQs in a crappy environment, you won’t be as successful.

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75
Q

What did William Shockley think? What did he do?

A

IQ not high enough to be one of Terman’s termites.
I was shocked my IQ was not high enough.
Invented the transitor.

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76
Q

What did Terman write?

A

Those gifted children should be put in a special class.

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77
Q

What did Margaret Singer do?

A

Created planned parenthood to make sure stupid people don’t reproduce.

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78
Q

What did FDR do?

A

Made it legal to sterilize kids with low IQ.

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79
Q

Intelligence is correlated with what?

A

How long individuals live.

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80
Q

For each additional IQ point…

A

1 percent less to die.

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81
Q

What is the duchenne smile?

A

Smile goes to the eyes.

Zygomatic muscles raise the corners of your mouth.

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82
Q

What did Paul Eckman think about smiles?

A

It was used to conceal your true emotions.

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83
Q

What does glucagon do in the body?

A

Glucagon’s role in the body is to prevent blood glucose levels dropping too low. To do this, it acts on the liver in several ways: It stimulates the conversion of stored glycogen (stored in the liver) to glucose, which can be released into the bloodstream

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84
Q

What do men do?

A

Seldom show emotions that are inconsistent with the manly image.

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85
Q

When is the social smile first evoked?

A

By the stimulus of the human face.

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86
Q

Where is Grehlin made?

A

Ghrelin is a hormone that is produced and released mainly by the stomach with small amounts also released by the small intestine, pancreas and brain.

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87
Q

What’s the statistic on dieting?

A

By two years, 95% of the people have regained the weight they lost.

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88
Q

What is the scientific definition of obesity?

A

A person has traditionally been considered to be obese if they are more than 20 percent over their ideal weight. … Obesity has been more precisely defined by the National Institutes of Health (the NIH) as a BMI of 30 and above

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89
Q

What is drive reduction theory?

A

Having needs, meeting them is the drive that reduces tension.

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90
Q

How are acquired drives learned?

A

By experience or conditioning.

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91
Q

Where is the optimum level of arousal?

A

Somewhere in the middle.

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92
Q

What are the three parts of emotions?

A

Behavior
Physical arousal
Inner awareness of your state.

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93
Q

Meditators have what in their brain?

A

Greater activation in the right side of their brain.

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94
Q

What did Davidson discover?

A

The right side of brain: negative emotions, negative emotions, pessimistic
Left: good emotions

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95
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in emotions?

A

The amygdala is responsible for the perception of emotions such as anger, fear, and sadness, as well as the controlling of aggression.

The amygdala helps to store memories of events and emotions so that an individual may be able to recognize similar events in the future

96
Q

List Maslow’s Hierachy of Needs

A

Physical, safety, love and belonging, esteem or achievement (feel competent, approval, recognition) cognition (to know, understand, and explore) aesthetic, (appreciate beauty) self-actualization, transcendence.

97
Q

What is stress? What are the three parts?

A

The physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events seen as threatening or challenging.

When basic drives are unmet, stress is often the result.

98
Q

What are hassels?

A

These daily annoyances.

99
Q

What is pressure?

Where does it come from?

A

When there are urgent demands or expectations for a person’s behavior coming from an outside source, that person is experiencing pressure.

100
Q

Who is Ledoux?

A

Came up with the fast and slow path.

101
Q

What was the Kinsey study?

What did it examine?

A

In 1948, Alfred Kinsey published a controversial report on the results of a massive survey of sexual behavior he had collected over 10 years (Kinsey et al., 1948).

Study the frequency of behaviors such as masturbation, anal sex, and premarital sex.

102
Q

What was wrong with Kinsey’s study? (3)

A

These factors contributed to the inaccuracy:

As stated earlier, the participants were almost exclusively white, middle class, and college-educated. Protestants. From prisons and male protestants.

Also, Kinsey’s surveys were no less susceptible to the exaggerations, falsifications, and errors of any method using self-report techniques.

Some critics claimed that Kinsey gave far more attention to sexual behavior that was considered unusual or abnormal than he did to “normal” sexual behavior (Geddes, 1954).

Finally, a face-to-face interview might cause some people being interviewed to be inhibited about admitting to certain kinds of sexual behavior, or others might exaggerate wildly, increasing the likelihood of inaccurate data.

103
Q

What is the Janus study?

A

In 1993, Dr. Samuel S. Janus and Dr. Cynthia L. Janus published the results of the first large-scale study of human sexual behavior since those of Kinsey and colleagues (1948) and Masters and Johnson (1966). This national survey, begun in 1983, sampled 3,000 people from all 48 mainland states.

70 percent of women, and 80 percent of men, had masturbated.
Age not a barrier to sexual activity.
People want to have sex even if they are old.

104
Q

Studies have not been able to show what?

A

Studies have not been able to show evidence that early events lead to homosexual behavior, but there is a good deal of evidence that genetic and environmental events act together on an individual’s sexual preference.

105
Q

What about pregnant women and homosexual babies?

A

One of the earliest studies, for example, found that severe stress experienced by pregnant women during the second trimester of pregnancy (the time during which the sexual differences in genitalia are formed) results in a significantly higher chance of any male children becoming homosexual in orientation (Ellis et al., 1988).

106
Q

What are epimarks?

A

There are sex-specific epi-marks that control the sexual characteristics of the fetus during prenatal development.

These sexual characteristics include not only physical sex organ development but also sexual identity and sexual partner preference.

Normally epi-marks are created anew with each generation, but occasionally remain to be passed on to the next generation. When that happens, they may cause the reverse of their intended effect, including a reversal of sexual orientation.

107
Q

What is the Hamer study?

A

This was taken as evidence that the brothers had both inherited a set of genes, donated on the mother’s X chromosome, which might be responsible for their sexual orientation. These findings have since been supported in other research (Hu et al., 1994; Turner, 1995).

108
Q

What is the immune hypothesis?

A

According to this hypothesis, anti-H-Y antibodies produced by the mother pass through the placental barrier to the fetus and affect aspects of sexual differentiation in the fetal brain.

109
Q

What is Wechler’s idea of intelligence?

A

They define intelligence as the ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems (Sternberg & Kaufman, 1998; Wechsler, 1975).

110
Q

What did Spearman think of intelligence?

A

Defined intelligence as two primary abilities: the wider ability of general intelligence, labeled as g factor, and task-specific abilities in certain areas such as music, business, or art, labeled as s factor for a specific intelligence.

111
Q

What is Sterngerg’s idea of intelligence?

A

Dr. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of (Successful) Intelligence contends that intelligent behavior arises from a balance between analytical, creative and practical abilities and that these abilities function collectively to allow individuals to achieve success within particular sociocultural contexts

112
Q

David Weschler was the first to do what? (2)

A

David Wechsler was the first to devise a series of tests designed for specific age groups.

An IQ test for adults.

113
Q

What does the Weschler test measure? (3)

A

Verbal.
Nonverbal.
Overall IQ.

114
Q

What are the criticisms of the IQ test?

A

Cultural bias.
Minimize the importance of creativity.
Not good for disadvantaged kids.

115
Q

Define giftedness.

A

Above an IQ of 130.

116
Q

Define a genius.

A

IQ of 140 to 145.

117
Q

What did Lewis Terman find in his study about gifted children? Social life? Physicality? Cognition?

A

The early findings of this major study (Terman & Oden, 1947) demonstrated that the gifted were socially well adjusted and often skilled leaders.

They were also above average in height, weight, and physical attractiveness, putting an end to the myth of the weakling genius.

118
Q

What was Terman’s finding about those wth really high IQ?

A

Only those with the highest IQs (180 and above) were found to have some social and behavioral adjustment problems as children (Janos, 1987).

119
Q

What are the characteristics of intellectual disability?

A

An IQ of two standard deviations below the norm, and this affects adaptive behaviors is below the level of their age. Below 70.

Limitations must begin in the developmental period.

120
Q

What biological factors impact intelligence in a child?

A 
Down Syndrome.
Fetal Alchohol syndrome.
X Syndrome.
Mother does drugs.
Lack of oxygen at birth.
Diseases and accidents as children.
Poor diet.
121
Q

What is the estimated heritability of IQ?

A

Fifty.

122
Q

What are three other detriments for intelligence?

A

Lead poisoning.
Mercury.
PCB’s.

123
Q

What is EQ?

A 
Self-awareness. Self-awareness is the ability to accurately recognise your: emotions, strengths, limitations, actions and understand how these affect others around you. ...
Self-regulation. 
Empathy. 
Motivation. 
Social skills.
124
Q

Who coined EQ?

A

John Mayer and Peter Salovey

Think of John Mayer salivating on Taylor Swift.

125
Q

How did Freud think of personality developed?

A

The personality develops in a series of psycho sexual stages: oral (id dominates), anal (ego develops), phallic (superego develops), latency(period of sexual repression), and genital (sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets).

126
Q

How does modern psychoanalytic theory differ from that of Freud?

A

Current research has found support for the defense mechanisms and the concept of an unconscious mind that can influence conscious behavior, but other concepts cannot be scientifically researched.

127
Q

What are the three divisions of the mind?

A

The three divisions of the mind are the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The unconscious can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue.

128
Q

How do defense mechanisms come about?

A

The conflicts between the demands of the id and the rules and restrictions of the superego lead to anxiety for the ego, which uses defense mechanisms to deal with that anxiety.

129
Q

How do behaviorists view personality development?

A

Behaviorists define personality as a set of learned responses or habits.

130
Q

What is the social cognitive view of personality?

A

In the social cognitive view, both learning (individual and through imitation of models) and cognitive processes (such as anticipation, judgment, and memory) are important.

131
Q

How does Bandura explain personality?

A

Concept of self-efficacy; believed three factors were important: the environment, the behavior itself, and personal or cognitive experiences from earlier experiences; each affect the other two in a reciprocal way—reciprocal determinism (see Figure 11.2).

Do you believe that your own efforts will help make this band great? The band has three members in it.

132
Q

How does Rotter explain personality?

A

Theory based on principles of motivation derived from Thorndike’s law of effect; personality is set of potential responses to various situations, including one’s locus of control (internal vs. external), sense of expectancy, and preference for particular reinforcers.

133
Q

What did Rogers believe?

A

Believed that humans are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities (self-actualizing tendency).

Think of brother Rogers saying to me, “Emily, you can reach your potential.”

134
Q

What is an important tool in reaching self-actualization?

What is the self-concept based upon?

A

An important tool in human self-actualization is the development of an image of oneself or the self-concept.

The self-concept is based on what people are told by others and how the sense of self is reflected in the words and actions of important people in one’s life, such as parents, siblings, coworkers, friends, and teachers.

135
Q

What are the two components of the self concept?

A

Two important components of the self-concept are the real self (one’s actual perception of characteristics, traits, and abilities that form the basis of the striving for self-actualization) and the ideal self (the perception of what one should be or would like to be).

136
Q

What happens when the two selves do not agree?

A

When these two components do not match or agree, anxiety and disordered behavior result.

137
Q

What role does unconditional positive regard play?

A

Unconditional positive regard from important others in a person’s life helps the formation of the self-concept and the congruity of the real and ideal selves, leading to a fully functioning person.

138
Q

Who came up with OCEAN?

A

Costa and Mcrae

139
Q

What are the big five dimensions of personality?

Where are they found?

A

Several researchers have arrived at five trait dimensions that have research support across cultures, called the Big Five or five-factor model.

The five factors are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

140
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage of interviews?

A

Disadvantages of interviews can include the halo effect and bias of interpretation on the part of the interviewer.

People also lie.

141
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage of projective tests?

A

The hope is that the client will project unconscious concerns onto the visual stimulus, revealing them to the examiner. Tests using this method are called protective tests.

Such tests can be used to explore a client’s personality or used as a diagnostic tool to uncover problems in personality.

Nature of tests results in possible subjectivity in interpretation; reliability is suspect.

142
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage of behavioral assessments?

A

Can watch someone’s personality in the real world.

Observer bias and lack of environmental control.
The observer effect changes how people act.

143
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of personal inventories?

A

Provide a detailed description of certain personality traits.
People are not honest when they reply.

144
Q

What are validity scales?

A

Validity scales, which are built into any well-designed psychological inventory, are intended to indicate whether or not a person taking the inventory is responding honestly.

145
Q

What is the MMPI?

A

By far the most common personality inventory is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Version II, or MMPI-2, which specifically tests for abnormal behavior and thinking patterns in personality (Butcher & Rouse, 1996; Butcher et al., 2000, 2001).

146
Q

What do the Rorschach tests rely on to understand personality?

What are they used for?

A

People being tested are asked to look at each inkblot and simply say whatever it might look like to them.

They are still used to describe personality, diagnose mental disorders, and predict behavior (Watkins et al., 1995; Weiner, 1997).

147
Q

What did Allport think?
How did he come up with his traits?
What are the criticisms?

A

First developed a list of about 200 traits and believed that these traits were part of the nervous system.

Allport and his colleague H. S. Odbert literally scanned the dictionary for words that could be traits, finding about 18,000, then paring that down to 200 traits after eliminating synonyms.

There are freakin too many.

148
Q

What is type A?

Risks?

A

Type A personalities are ambitious, time conscious, hostile, and angry workaholics who are at increased risk of coronary heart disease, primarily due to their anger and hostility.

149
Q

What is Type B?

A

Type B personalities are relaxed and easygoing and have one-third the risk of coronary heart disease as do Type A personalities if male, and one-fourth the risk if female and working outside the home.

150
Q

What is type C?

Risk?

A

Type C personalities are pleasant but repressed, internalizing their negative emotions.

Cancer.

151
Q

What is the hardy personality?

A

Hardy people are hard workers who lack the anger and hostility of the Type A personality, instead seeming to thrive on stress.

152
Q

What did Cattell do?

A

Cattell identified 16 source traits (Cattell, 1950, 1966), and although he later determined that there might be another 7 source traits to make a total of 23 (Cattell & Kline, 1977), he developed his assessment questionnaire, The Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF) Questionnaire (Cattell, 1995), based on just 16 source traits.

Raymond Cattell (1990) defined two types of traits as surface traits and source traits.

153
Q

What did Walter Mischel do?

A

Walter Mischel, a social cognitive theorist, has emphasized that there is a trait–situation interaction in which the particular circumstances of any given situation are assumed to influence the way in which a trait is expressed (Mischel & Shoda, 1995). An outgoing extravert, for example, might laugh, talk to strangers, and tell jokes at a party.

Emphasized more of the situation.

154
Q

What is a trait?

A

A trait is a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving.

155
Q

What does it mean to be a sensation seeker?

A

The person who needs more arousal is called a sensation seeker (Zuckerman, 1979, 1994). Sensation seekers seem to need more complex and varied sensory experiences than do other people. The need does not always have to involve danger.

156
Q

What are the criticisms of the humanistic theory?

What do humanists focus on?

A

Humanistic views of personality paint a very rosy picture. Some critics believe that the picture is a little too rosy, ignoring the more negative aspects of human nature.

For example, would humanistic theory easily explain the development of sociopathic personalities who have no conscience or moral nature? Or could a humanist explain the motivation behind terrorism?

Focus on what makes us human: our subjective emotions, and the freedom to choose. They love agency.

157
Q

What are the criticism for Maslow’s theory?

A

Like Sigmund Freud, Maslow developed his theory based on his own observations of people rather than any empirically gathered observations or research.

Although many people report that while they were starving, they could think of nothing but food, there is anecdotal evidence in the lives of many people, some of them quite well known, that the lower needs do not have to be satisfied before moving on to a higher need (Drenth et al., 1984).

158
Q

What is the cognitive arousal theory?

A

Theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced.

159
Q

What are the stats for the IQ test?

A

2/3 fall in between eighty-five to one fifteen.

160
Q

What is the mental impairment IQ?

A

Below 70.

161
Q

Almost all shapes show what?

Which traits?

A

A bell shaped curve.

Tallness, personality, extraversion, anxiety, impulsivity,

162
Q

What is the average college freshman’s student IQ?

Average college graduate IQ?

A

115

120

163
Q

Why is college harder?

A

Competing with smarter people.

Self-directed learning.

164
Q

What about the normal curve?

Why is there a blip at the end?

A

There are three curves.
Genetic abnormalities, brain damage for the lower end.
The higher-end: gifted people with a good environment.

165
Q

People who have IQ’s do what?

A

Marry other people with IQ’s, have babies with mega IQ’s, that explains the blip at the end.

166
Q

What is heritability?

A

How strong a genetic influence is for a phenotypic trait.

167
Q

Alcoholism is what?

A

70 percent heritable.

168
Q

What about siblings and their environment?

A

They are not treated as alike.

169
Q

If IQ was 100 percent inheritable, what would the table show?

A

The bar would go all the way up.

170
Q

IQ: Identical twins reared together?

A

eighty-six.

171
Q

What is inherited? (2)

A

Reaction range.

Larger cortex.

172
Q

What is reliability?

What is validity?

A

Reliability: Same consistent score.
Validity: Measures what it is supposed to measure.

*Can’t be valid without reliable.

173
Q

What is reliability?

What is validity?

A

Reliability: Same consistent score.
Validity: Measures what it is supposed to measure.

*Can’t be valid without reliable.

174
Q

What do they show in the pollsters?

A

Not very accurate.

People no longer poll to predict the presidency.

175
Q

What evidence do we have that IQ is valid?

A

IQ tests in elementary school can predict GPA and college graduation.

176
Q

What is personality?

A

An individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

177
Q

What can children blind from birth do?

A

Can produce appropriate facial expressions.

178
Q

Why can’t we recognize emotions in cats and dogs?

A

Not important for us evolutionarily.

179
Q

What is the Kagan study?

A

Baby would smile at the non jacked face.

180
Q

What happens at six to ten weeks?

A

Mothers get freakin tired of their babies. Good thing for smiles.

181
Q

When does low leptin lead to? (2)

A

Hunger and overeating.

182
Q

What does the Lateral hypothalamus do?

What does the ventromedial hypothalamus do?

A

Pleasure center, pleasure from eating.

Gets information from the stomach, controls satiety and hunger.

183
Q

When does metabolism slow down?

A

Speeds up when one eats more.

184
Q

What happens to your body when you diet?

A

Your body thinks it is in starvation.

Messes with metabolism.

185
Q

What is the Sakurai study?

A

Active rats are thin, and the obese rats didn’t run at all.

186
Q

Why do people fidget?
How long does it last?
Where do you get it from?

A

People fidget for different reasons: hyperactivity, high metabolism.
It is stable or constant.
Not learned from parents.

187
Q

What is the instinct approach?

A

All driven by instincts. Think evolutionary.

188
Q

How is a secondary drive learned?

A

Through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or approval. Meet primary drives first, like hunger and thirst.

189
Q

What about the lemon study?

Who did it?

A

We found information about the right and left-brained people.
The lemon study had an EEG on the babies, the babies that response more negatively had more right-brained activity.

Davidson.

190
Q

What is the common sense theory?

A

Emotion, then arousal. “I’m shaking because I’m afraid.”

191
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

A

“I’m shaking and feeling afraid at the same time.”

192
Q

What is the cat study?

A

Paralyzed cats still felt fear.

Criticism of the James Lange theory.

193
Q

Hold Lunstad find?

A

Marriage can be beneficial in how we respond to stress if the marriage has low levels of conflict.

194
Q

What is the seyle theory?

A

Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Parasympathetic rebound.

195
Q

How did people react to the sex studies?

A

Shocked.

196
Q

What do relatives do that are related to same sex attraction?

A

Have more kids, can pass down the gay gene.

197
Q

What on the x chromosome?

A

Several hundred genes that affect gayness.

198
Q

What is gender identity?
What is gender?
What is biological sex?
What is sexual orientation?

A

I am male or female.

Attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex.

199
Q

What are the criticisms of Freud?

A

Too much sex.
Dark.
Not empirical.
Just based on case studies.

200
Q

What defense mechanism did Freud focus on?

A

Repression.

201
Q

People who are shy have what? (3)

A

Anxiety, neuroticism, pessimism.

Increased activity in the right lobe.

202
Q

If you have low levels of serotonin and high levels of nuerpheniphrine, what are you likely to do?

A

Impulsivity and aggression.

203
Q

What good sentence about source traits and surface traits?

A

Different source traits for surface traits.

204
Q

What about antisocial personality disorder?

A

Decreased frontal cortex volume.

205
Q

What is 2 percent of the population?

A

IQ of 130 above!

206
Q

Which emotions are universally recognized?

Which emotions are harder to recognize?

A

Happiness, sadness, and disgust.

Surprise and fear.

207
Q

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory?

A

The MMPI is used to screen for personality and psychosocial disorders in adults (i.e., over age 18) and adolescents age 14 to 18. It is also frequently administered as part of a neuropsychological test battery to evaluate cognitive functioning.

208
Q

What is a validity scale?

A

A validity scale, in psychological testing, is a scale used in an attempt to measure the reliability of responses, for example with the goal of detecting defensiveness, malingering, or careless or random responding.

209
Q

What would Mischel say about personality?

A

Traits must be stable across time and situation.

210
Q

What is the power statement with Walter Mischel?

A

Our thoughts and behaviors change with the situation.

211
Q

What is the interactionist view?

A

Both traits and situations affect thoughts and behaviors.

212
Q

Firemen tend to be more what?

A

More impulsive, a thrill-seeker.

213
Q

Who is the father of modern trait theory?

A

Allport.

214
Q

Who came up with the first comprehensive system of personality?

A

Eysenck.

215
Q

Sensation seeking more common with? When?
What do you have more of with ss?
What about ADHD gene?

A

Men, and guys with ADHD.
Highest in teens and early 20’s and declines in age.
High testosterone, Low MAOa, high dopamine, and more active D4 receptors.
DRD4 gene variation.

216
Q

What is orthogonal?

A

High in one trait does not mean high in another.

217
Q

Wo discovered telomeres?
What are they?
What happens as you age?

A

Elizabeth Blackburn.
Things at the end of your gene.
These telomeres wear off, if you are younger on the inside, your telomeres are long.

218
Q

What is progeria?
What happens with telomeres?
What does chronic stress do?
What about optimism?

A

Kids with no telomeres.
Shorter are more likely to die.
Shorten the telomere.
The longer the telomere.

219
Q

Identical twins raised together?

Identical twins raised apart?

A

eighty-six

seventy six

220
Q

How does the correlation for identical twins differ from fraternal twins and non-twins siblings raised together?
What does the adopted child’s IQ show?

A

It’s higher.

More similar to the real mother’s IQ.

221
Q

What is the average estimate of the heritability of IQ?

A

Fifty to Seventy percent.

222
Q

Who did facial feedback theory?
What does your face do?
What is it?
How long does a feigned smile last?

A

Ekman: We experience emotions in part as a result of our facial muscles. Your face sends messages to the brain intesifying the emotion or causing it.
Four to five seconds.

223
Q

How do babies react to the flat effect?

A

They stop engaging.

224
Q

What are the social components of hunger?

A

Social cues when food is to be eaten.
Cultural customs.
Comfort eating.

225
Q

What is the schacter-singer theory of emotion?

A

This theory suggests that the physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion. A stimulus leads to a physiological response that is then cognitively interpreted and labeled which results in an emotion.

226
Q

Explain the cognitive appraisal theory.

A

According to this theory, the sequence of events first involves a stimulus, followed by thought which then leads to the simultaneous experience of a physiological response and the emotion.

227
Q

What is the goal for drive reduction?

A

Decrease the tension.

228
Q

What is arousal theory?

For many tasks, which arousal is best?

A

People are said to have the best level of tension.

Medium.

229
Q

What is cognitive-mediational theory?

A

Primary appraisal.

Secondary appraisal.

230
Q

What causes greater impulsivity and aggression?

A

Lower serotonin.

High norepinephrine.

231
Q

People with high hostility and anger have what? (3)

A

Lower serotonin.
Higher norepinephrine.
Higher blood pressure.

232
Q

Who did the study on shyness?
Shy children are more likely to have what?
What about gender differences?

A

Kagan.
High norepinephrine.
Shy boys are more likely to become less shy.

233
Q

What is the trait theory of emotion?

A

We are born with these traits.

Not seeking to explain why we have these traits, but rather to describe.

234
Q

What is biological cause of gayness (hint:finger thing)?
What are some myths about being gay?
How can it still exist evolutionary?

A

Testosterone exposure when you were in your mom’s tummy.
Caused by effeminate mothers, there is no genetic component to being gay.
They help their nieces and nephews.

235
Q

What are the similarities and differences of the sexy studies?

How did America react?

A

They shocked America because people are more sexual than they thought, and more deviently sexual.

The Janus report surveyed a wider population, and the Kinsey study was much more concentrated on a certain population.

236
Q

What are some social and biological factors of stress?

A

Support system, religion.

Serotonin levels, cortisol levels.

237
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

Learned Helplessness is behavior exhibited by a subject after enduring repeated aversive stimuli beyond their control.

Final Exams (5 decks)

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