Class: Outside Of School Factors, Language & Speech (cultural)

Question 1

Bereiter and engelmann

Answer 1

• language used by lower class is deficient and claimed lower class individuals communicated primarily through gestures, single words or disjointed phrases
• as a result, children from lower class backgrounds fail to develop necessary language skills required to succeed in education and are unable to take advantage of the opportunities that school offers

Question 2

Bernstein

Answer 2

• differences in languages used between social classes are a fundamental factor contributing to differential educational achievement and identified two distinct speech codes or patterns of language
• restricted code: used in relatively informal situations and lacks in depth descriptions and linguistically, this code is highly predictable and dialogue is usually unplanned
• elaborated code: used in relatively formal, educated situations allowing people to be creative in their expressions and descriptions characterised by using range of adjectives and pronouns and leads to idea description of the topic being discussed
• middle class able to use both restricted and elaborated codes switching between them depending on the situation but working class primarily use restricted code