Classic Labs/ Findings Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Increased AFP in amniotic fluid / maternal serum
A
- Dating error
- Anencephaly
- Spina bifida or other open neural tube defects
2
Q
Anticentromere antibodies
A
Scleroderma (CREST)
3
Q
Anti-desmoglein (anti-demosome) antibodies
A
Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
4
Q
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
A
Goodpasture syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)
5
Q
Antihistone antibodies
A
Drug-induced SLE (eg, hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)
6
Q
Anti-IgG antibodies
A
Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)
7
Q
Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)
A
Primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)
8
Q
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)
A
- Microscopic polyangiitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA)
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA)
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis (MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA)
9
Q
Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs; anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)
A
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
10
Q
Antiplatelet antibodies
A
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
11
Q
Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
A
Diffuse systemic scleroderma
12
Q
Anti-transglutaminase / anti-gliadin / anti-endomysial antibodies
A
Celiac disease (diarrhea, weight loss)
13
Q
“Apple core” lesion on barium enema x-ray
A
Colorectal cancer (usually left sided)
14
Q
Atypical lymphocytes
A
EBV
15
Q
Azurophilic peroxidase + granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts
A
Auer rods (AML, especially the promyelocytic M3 type)
16
Q
Bacitracin response
A
Sensitive: S pyrogens (group A)
Resistant: S agalactiae (group B)
17
Q
Bamboo spine on xray
A
Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)
18
Q
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
A
Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or non-functional spleen)
19
Q
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
A
Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
20
Q
Bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture
A
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
21
Q
Boot-Shaped heart on x-ray
A
Tetralogy of Fallot (due to RVH)
22
Q
Branching gram + rods with sulfur granules
A
Actinomyces israelii
23
Q
Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging
A
Pancoast tumor (can compress cervical sympathetic chain and cause Horner syndrome)
24
Q
“Brown” tumor of bone
A
Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown colour)
25
Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
Chagas disease (Trypanosoma Cruzi)
26
Cellular crescents in Bowman capsule
Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
27
"Chocolate cyst" of ovary
Endometriosis
28
Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma)
29
Colonies of mucoid pseudomonas in lungs
Cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene -> fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)
30
Decreased AFP in amniotic fluid / maternal serum
Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities
31
Degeneration of dorsal column fibres
```
Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)
Subacute combine degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal, spinocerebellar tracts affected)
```
32
"Delta wave" on EKG, short PR interval, suptraventricular tachycardia
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (Bundle of Kent bypasses AV node)
33
Depigmentation of neutrons in substantial nigra
Parkinson disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
34
Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
Curschmann spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)
35
Disarrayed granulose cells arranged around collections of eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies (granulose cell tumor of the ovary)
36
Dysplastic squamous cells with "raisinoid" nuclei and hyperchromasia
Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)
37
Electrical alternans (alternating amplitude on EKG)
Pericardial tamponade
38
Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
"Owl eye" appearance of CMV
39
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei with central clearing
"Orphan Annie" eyes nuclei (papillary thyroid carcinoma)
40
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell
Mallory body (alcoholic liver)
41
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in neuron
Lewy body (Parkinson disease and Lewy body dementia)
42
Eosinophilic globule in liver
Councilman body (viral hepatitis, yellow fever) represents hepatocyte undergoing apoptosis
43
Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal and cerebellar neurons
Negri bodies of rabies
44
Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
Senile plaques (Alzheimer disease)
45
Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (owl's eyes)
Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma)
46
Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessels in germ cells
Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)
47
"Hair on end" ("crew-cut") appearance on X-ray
B-thalassemia, sickle cell disease (marrow expansion)
48
hCG elevated
```
Choriocarcinoma
Hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo, multiple pregnancy)
```
49
Heart nodules (granulomatous)
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
50
Heterophile antibodies
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
51
Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)
52
High level D dimer
DVT, PE, DIC
53
Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)
Ghon complex (primary TB: mycobacterium bacilli)
54
"Honeycomb lung" on xray or CT
Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
55
Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)
Trousseau syndrome (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)
56
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency; no neurologic symptoms)
57
Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)
58
Hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin sometimes present)
59
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies
Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or VZV)
60
Iron-containing nodules in alveolar sputum
Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increase chance of lung ca)
61
Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy
SCC
62
Large granules in phagocytes, immunodeficiency
Chediak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)
63
"Lead pipe" appearance of colon on abdominal imaging
Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)
64
Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular and alveolar basement membrane
Goodpasture syndrome
65
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
66
"Lumpy bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofloresence
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (due to deposition of IgG, IgM, C3)
67
Lytic ("punched-out") bone lesions on x-ray
Multiple myeloma
68
Mammary gland "blue domed" cyst
Fibrocystic change of the breast
69
Monoclonal antibody spike
- Multiple myeloma (IgG or IgA)
- Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS consequence of aging)
- Waldenstrom (M protein = IgM) macroglobinrmia
- Primary amyloidosis
70
Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
"Signet ring" (gastic cancer)
71
Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium xray
"String sign" (Crohn disease)
72
Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotising glomerulonephritis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3 - ANCA / c-ANCA) and Goodpasture syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
73
Needle-shaped, negative birefringent crystals
Gout (monosodium urate crystals)
74
Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
75
Novobiocin response
Sensitive: S epidermis
Resistant: S. saphrophyticus
76
"Nutmeg" appearance of liver
Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure or Budd-Chiari syndrome
77
"Onion skin" periosteal reaction
Ewing sarcoma (malignant small blue cell tumor)
78
Optochin sensitivity
Sensitive: S. pneumonia
Resistant: viridian's streptococci (S mutans, S sanguis)
79
Podocyte fashion or "effacement" on electron microscopy
Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)
80
Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein
```
Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimers disease)
and
Pick bodies (Pick disease)
```
81
Psammoma bodies
Meningiomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary
82
Raised periosteum (creating a "codman triangle"
Aggressive bone lesion (eg, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, osteomyelitis)
83
RBC casts in urine
Glomerulonephritis
84
Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
Glioblastoma multiforme
85
Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)
86
Recurrent infections, eczema, thrombocytopenia
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
87
Renal epithelial casts in urine
Intrinsic renal failure (eg, ischemia or toxic injury)
88
Rhomboid crystals, + birefringent
Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystals)
89
Rib notching (inferior surface on xray)
Coarctation of the aorta
90
Ring-enhancing brain lesion on CT/MRI in AIDS
Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma
91
Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tangible body-laden macrophages ("starry sky" histology)
Burkitt lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV; "starry sky" made up of malignant cells)
92
Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
Pick bodies (Pick disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)
93
"Soap bubble" in femur or tibia on x-ray
Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)
94
"Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" sub epithelial deposits
Membranous nephropathy (nephrotic syndrome)
95
Stacks of RBCs
Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)
96
"Steeple" sign on frontal CXR
Croup (parainfluenza virus)
97
Bacteria-covered vaginal epithelial cells
"Clue cells" (Gardnerella vaginitis)
98
Streptococcus bovis bacteremia
Colon cancer
99
"Tennis racket" shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells
Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis)
100
Thousands of polyps on colonoscopy
Familial adenomatous polyposis (autosomal dominant, mutation of APC gene)
101
Thrombi made of white/red layers
Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets / RBCs)
102
"Thumb sign" on lateral neck xray
Epiglottitis (H Flu)
103
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Chronic pyelonephritis (usually due to recurrent infections)
104
"Tram track" appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
105
Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
106
Increased uric acid levels
Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diurectics
107
"Waxy" casts with very low urine flow
Chronic end stage renal disease
108
WBC casts in urine
Acute pyelonephritis
109
WBCs that look "smudged"
CLL (almost always B cell)
110
"Wire loop" glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy
Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (usually seen with lupus)
111
Yellowish CSF
Xanthochromia (eg due to subarachnoid hemorrhage)
