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Classical & Operant Conditioning Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 areas were covered when studying Non-Associative learning?

A

habituation
sensitisation
perceptual learning

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2
Q

What 3 areas were covered when studying Classical Conditioning?

A

S-R vs. S-S theory
Contiguity, frequency and predictiveness
Rescorla- Wagner model

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3
Q

What 5 areas were covered when studying Operant conditioning?

A 
Secondary reinforcers
Premack principle
Reinforcement schedules
Partial reinforcement extinction effect
Matching law
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4
Q

WHat is learning?

A

The relatively lasting change in behaviour as a result of experience

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5
Q

What areas does learning include? (5)

A 
knowledge 
behaviours 
values
skills
preferences
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6
Q

What does learning not include? (4)

A

Motivation
Fatigue
Maturation
Ageing

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7
Q

What is habituation?

A

A response to stimulus that is reduced through repeated presentations.

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8
Q

What bodily functions can you use to measure an increase in habituation?

A

Skin conductance
Startle response
Eye gaze fixation

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9
Q

What are the features of habituation

A

frequency and time lag

frequency of sessions

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10
Q

What is the opposite of habituation?

A

Dishabituation

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11
Q

What is Dishabituation?

A

The process when a novel stimulus is presented and then the habituation stimulus is presented again, the response tends to be stronger than it was initially.

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12
Q

What is sensitisation?

A

When you repeatedly present a stimulus to increase the response.

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13
Q

Why do we have habituation and sensitisation?

A

For survival

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14
Q

What is the difference between habituation and sensitisation?

A

Whether or not we deem the stimulus worthy of a response or not (whether we should be alert or not to survive)- habituate deems it not worth of a response where as sensitisation deems it worth of a response for survival

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15
Q

What 2 processes are involved in the dual process theory?

A

Intuitive understanding

Logical reasoning

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16
Q

What are the main differences between intuitive understanding and logical reasoning?

A

un-conscience and conscience

involuntary and voluntary

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17
Q

When the stimulus is more intense generally this leads to?

A

Sensitisation

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18
Q

What is the expectancy theory?

A

Motivation = expectancy + instrumentality + valence

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19
Q

What is expectancy?

A

The belief that an increase in effort will increase performance

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20
Q

Theories of habitation include? (4)

A

Mental representations
Expectancy
Surprise
Missing stimulus effect

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21
Q

What is perceptual learning?

A

Prior exposure to a stimulus can facilitate later learning about that stimulus = increase in specificity

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22
Q

Mere exposure effect is?

A

When someone is exposed the stimulus becomes more familiar and therefore increases preference

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23
Q

Us is? And it is used in?

A

Unconditioned response

Classical Conditioning

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24
Q

UR is? And it is used in?

A

Unconditioned response

Classical Conditioning

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25
CS is? And it is used in?
Conditioned Stimulus | Classical Conditioning
26
Cr is? And it is used in?
Conditioned Response | Classical Conditioning
27
An unconditioned stimulus is?
Something that automatically triggers a response without conditioning (Food)
28
An Unconditioned response is?
The unlearned behaviour that occurs in response to the unconditioned stimulus (saliva)
29
The conditioned stimulus is?
A previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus through classical conditioning (bell)
30
The conditioned response is?
A learned response to the conditioned stimulus- may be the same or a different response to the unconditioned response. (Saliva)
31
What are the 4 phases in classical conditioning?
Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous recovery Reacquisition
32
What happens in the acquisition phase of classical conditioning?
The US is repeatedly paired with the CS- many times over several sessions
33
What happens in the extinction phase of classical conditioning?
The CS is repeatedly presented without the US and so the CR starts to decrease (not as much unlearning as the new association had)
34
What happens in the spontaneous recovery phase of classical conditioning?
The response that was previously extinguished reappears when presented with the CS again
35
What happens in the reacquisition phase of classical conditioning?
Pairing again but this time usually faster because of already acquired association
36
What is generalisation?
Extending the conditioned response to other things similar to the conditioned stimulus (e.g. white fluffy things for albert)
37
What is discrimination?
being able to differentiate between different stimuli
38
What is latent inhibition?
When a stimulus (or senario) initially is neutral and does not elicit a response however when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (that does illicit a response) then the first unconditioned stimulus has a conditioned response.
39
What is higher order conditioning?
Conditioning an additional stimulus using the conditioned stimulus already in stage 1
40
What are the 2 classical conditioning theories?
S-R theory | S-S theory
41
What is S-R?
Stimulus- Response where the CS is associated with the UR and so the CS elicits the CR
42
What is S-S?
Stimulus- Stimulus where the CS is paired with the US
43
What are two examples that are used in higher-order conditioning?
money | tokens (secondary reinforcers)
44
What 3 things determine association with a conditioned stimulus?
Contiguity Frequency Predictiveness
45
What is contiguity?
time proximity of stimuli presented together
46
What is frequency?
amount of times stimuli are presented together
47
What is predictiveness?
Associations occur when one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another stimulus
48
What is short-delay conditioning?
Onset of CS (bell) slightly precedes onset of US (food)
49
What is long-delay conditioning?
CS is presented at least a few seconds prior to onset of US and persists until US is presented (bell then food)
50
What is trace conditioning?
CS occurs prior to the onset of US and terminates before US commences (bell then food)
51
What is backward conditioning?
CS is presented after the US (food then bell)
52
Why are simultaneous and backward conditioning not recommended?
They're weaker conditioning
53
Does a higher frequency = stronger learning?
Not necessarily
54
Blocking effect is when?
One CS (bell) already reliably predicts the US (food) then an additional CS (light) will not do anything
55
What is predictiveness also called?
Contingency- the likelihood of the stimulus
56
If the US is greater than expectation then what conditioning occurs?
Excitatory - if food comes more than the bell
57
If the US is lesser than expectation then what conditioning occurs?
Inhibitory - if bell doesn't always predict food
58
There are 3 stages in the acquisition phase?
initial (fast learning) later (slow learning) plateau (no additional learning)
59
What is operant conditioning also called?
Instrumental conditioning
60
What is the law of effect?
Good outcomes = increase in behaviour | Bad outcomes = decrease in behaviour
61
What does S-R-O stand for?
Stimulus- Response- Outcome
62
WHat is shaping?
The reinforcement of successive approximations gradually results in desired behaviour.
63
Wat is chaining?
Learned sequence of behaviour.
64
What is the conditioned reinforcer?
Initially neutral stimulus that becomes reinforcing because it has been repeatedly associated with the primary reinforcer
65
What is drive?
Motivational need or desire for a particular reinforcer.
66
What is the discriminative stimulus?
Only present when reinforcement occurs. Acts as a signal for correct context of behaviour.
67
What is a reinforcement schedule?
The contingency (relationship) between the timing or frequency of response and reinforcement.
68
What are some advantages of using conditioned reinforcers (secondary reinforcers like tokens)?
``` Doesn't interrupt response No satiation (doesn't get sick of) Offers immediate prize if bigger one needs to be delayed ```
69
What is the premack principle?
preferred behaviour can reinforce a less preferred behaviour
70
What are 5 types of reinforcement schedules?
``` continuous fixed ratio fixed interval variable ratio variable interval ```
71
What is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
reinforcement after t time on next response (waiting for bus)
72
What is a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?
reinforcement after x responses on average (poker machines)
73
what is a variable interval reinforcement schedule?
reinforcement of next response after t time on average (checking emails)
74
What has the fastest response rate out of all reinforcement schedules?
continuous
75
What has the fastest extinction rate out of all reinforcement schedules?
continuous
76
What has the slowest response rate out of all reinforcement schedules?
Variable interval
77
What has the slowest extinction rate out of all reinforcement schedules?
Variable ratio
78
Continuous reinforcement good for______ the behaviour, partial reinforcement good for_________ the behaviour.
TEACHING | MAINTAINING
79
What is the Discrimination hypothesis?
How different the reinforcement & non-reinforcement conditions are
80
What is the Frustration hypothesis?
Partial reinforcement: some reward + some frustration | Becomes better at dealing with frustration?
81
What is the Sequential hypothesis?
Partial reinforcement: behaviour + reward associated with previous trial where behaviour + no reward Therefore no reward means possible reward next time?
82
The relationship between delay and reinforcement value is not___________.
linear
83
_______reward + ________ delayed reward more reinforcing than consistent medium delayed reward
Immediate | longer
84
What is the matching law?
Number of responses will match the number of reinforcers
85
____________ AND ________ brings about the most behavioural change.
Reinforcement | awareness

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