Introduction to Learning & Memory Flashcards
(56 cards)
How are learning and memory related and what is the process?
Learning starts with ACQUISITION (encoding) -> then begins to turn into memory when it goes into STORAGE (retention & organisation) -> and finally becomes memory in RETRIEVAL (long term storage)
What are 3 examples of learned behaviour?
Habits, preferences and skills (HPS)
Behaviourists tend to lean towards which end of the learning and memory spectrum?
Learning
Cognitive Psychologists tend to lean towards which end of the learning and memory spectrum?
Memory
What were Edward Tirchner’s main focuses and coined terms?
To look at how the mind was structured- STRUCTURALISM
Key terms:
Introspection, observation of own conscious experience
What were William James’s main focus and emphasises?
To look at how the mind functions- FUNCTIONALISM
Key emphasis: action and application with an environment
What was Hermann Ebbinghaus’s main contribution?
The metronome, nonsense syllables and the retention curve
What is the retention curve?
Ebbinghaus’s concept that Renton was related to time in that memory was pretty concrete during immediate recall however rapidly dropped off in the first 9 hours and then the declined slowed to a plateau from 2 days onward
What experiment was Ivan Pavlov famous for?
Behaviourist experiment with salivating dogs
What are the 5 key terms used in the process of classical conditioning?
Neutral stimulus Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response
Who is considered the first behaviouralist and founder of classical conditioning?
Watson
What are the two methods used to change behaviours?
Classical & operant conditioning
What would S-R refer to?
Stimulus response- classical conditioning
What experiment was Skinner famous for?
Skinners box- operant conditioning chamber for rats
Who was linked to radical behaviourism?
Skinner
What type of conditioning was Skinner associated with and what were his key ideas?
Operant conditioning
Neutral or negative outcome = reduction in behaviour
What was Chomsky known for?
The emphasis on language learning for cognitive processes.
What are of psychology was Rummelhart involved in?
Computational models and the microstructure cognition that could be measured
What was Tolmans experiment testing?
The T-maze tested the winner between cognitive (place learning) and behavioural learning (response learning)
What was the conclusion of the T-maze test?
That both cognitive learning and behavioural learning occur but the behaviour exhibited depends on other factors
What conditions affected whether learning was cognitive or behavioural in the T-maze experiment?
Visual cues
Times taken the maze
Condition of the hippocampus/ striatum
When has the study into Neuroscience been around since?
1950’s
What methods have been used in the past and now in the field of Neuroscience?
Animal experiments Brain Damage patients Double Dissociations Neuroimaging Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
What are 3 examples of neuroimaging techniques that have been used in the field of neuroscience?
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
