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LING 102 > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

1
Q

___, ___ and ___ are the most common word orders for most languages.

A

SOV, SVO, VSO

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2
Q

English has a ___ word order

A

SVO

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3
Q

If a language has VO word order, will it likely have prepositions or postpositions?

A

Prepositions

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4
Q

If a language has an OV word order, will it likely have prepositions or postpositions?

A

Postpositions

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5
Q

____________ affixes occur closer to the root than ______________ affixes.

A

Derivational, inflectional

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6
Q

What are some examples of Indo-European branches?

A 
Germanic
Celtic 
Italic 
Hellenic
Albanian
Armenian
Baltic
Slavic
Indo-Iranian
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7
Q

The Germanic branch of Indo-European can be divided up into ____, _____, ____.

A

North, East, West.

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8
Q

Swedish and Danish are ____ _____ languages.

A

North Germanic

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9
Q

Icelandic, Norwegian and Faroese are all ___ _____ langauges.

A

North Germanic

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10
Q

English, German and Dutch are all ____ ______ languages.

A

West Germanic

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11
Q

The only East Germanic language is _____.

A

(Gothic)

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12
Q

Yiddish, Afikaans and Frisian are all ____ _____ languages

A

West Germanic

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13
Q

Celtic is a branch of the _____-_______ family.

A

Indo-European

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14
Q

The two sub-branches of the Insular branch of Celtic languages are called _____ and _____..

A

Brythonic and Goidelic

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15
Q

(Gaulish) is the only __________ language in the Celtic family.

A

Continental

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16
Q

Welsh, Breton and (Cornish) are all _______ Celtic languages.

A

Brythonic

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17
Q

Irish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic and (Manx) are all _______ Celtic languages.

A

Goidelic

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18
Q

The four branches of Italic languages are ____, ____, ____ and ____.

A

Ibero-Romance, Gallo-Romance, Italo-Romance and Balkano-Romance

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19
Q

Spanish and Portugese are both ____-______ languages.

A

Ibero

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20
Q

French, Catalan and Romansch are ____-______ languages.

A

Gallo-Romance

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21
Q

Italian and Sardinian are ____-_______ languages.

A

Italo-Romance

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22
Q

Romanian is the best-known _____-______ language.

A

Balkano-Romance

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23
Q

Greek is the only living _______ language.

A

Hellenic

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24
Q

Armenian is the only _______ language, and Albanian is the only ______ language.

A

Armenian, Albanian

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25
Latvian and Lithuanian are the two surviving _____ languages.
Baltic
26
The Slavic family is divided into ____, ____ and ____ branches.
East, west, South
27
Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusan are examples of ____ _____ languages.
East Slavic
28
Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian are examples of ____ _____ languages
South Slavic
29
Polish, Czech and Slovak are ____ _____ languages.
West Slavic
30
Bulgarian and Slovene are ___ ______ languages
South Slavic
31
Hindi, Urdu, Farsi, Gypsy/Romany and Kurdish are all ___-_____ languages
Indo-Iranian
32
Hindi and Urdu are two dialects of the same language. What are the differences?
They have different writing systems and are spoken in different regions.
33
The two branches of Indo-Iranian are ____ and ____.
Iranian and Indic
34
What is areal relatedness between languages?
Shared features are due to contact and geographical closeness.
35
What is genetic relatedness between languages?
Shared features are due to historical relatedness
36
What is linguistic relatedness between languages?
Shared features are coincidental, they just work similarly
37
Are interdental fricatives (ie. th) marked or unmarked?
Marked
38
Are nasals or oral vowels more marked?
Nasals are more marked
39
What are the 5 most common vowels?
/a/ /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/
40
If a language only had 3 vowels, what would they likely be?
/a/ /i/ /u/
41
What is an average number of vowels?
5-9
42
Are long vowels or short vowels more marked?
Short vowels
43
Are fricatives or stops more marked?
Fricatives
44
what are the most common fricatives?
/s/ and /f/
45
What is the most common nasal consonant?
/n/
46
Would it be strange to find a language without liquids?
Yes -- languages wihtout liquids are rare
47
Are voiced obstruents or voiceless obstruents more marked?
Voiced obstruents
48
What is the average range of phonemes in a language?
11-77
49
Are level tones (high/low) or contour tones (rising/falling) more marked?
Contour tones
50
What are the 3 most common consonants in order?
/t/ /k/ and /p/
51
What is the maximum number for a consonant cluster in English?
3 (ie. skr, spl)
52
Are prefixes or suffixes more marked?
Prefixes
53
What is an ergative language?
A language that is an exception to the grammatical hierarchies - treats a subject like an object.
54
What is the grammatical hierarchy?
Subject > direct object > indirect object
55
If an object is embedded to the right of a verb, ___ _______will also be embedded to the right.
extra information
56
How many branches does Indo-European have?
9
57
Proximate and obviate are the two types of __-person ______.
3rd-person singular
58
Inclusive and exclusive are the two types of __-person _____..
1st-person plural
59
What is a NORM?
A non-mobile, older, rural male
60
In a bilingual conversation, the primary language is called the _____ language and the secondary language is called the ________ language,
Primary: matrix secondary: embedded
61
What is the lexifier language in creating a creole?
The one that supplies most of the vocabulary
62
What is the substratum language in creating a creole?
The one that supplies most of the grammar
63
In a creole, is the lexifier or substratum language the one that was there "first"?
Substratum
64
The theory that all pidgins started out as the same proto-pidgin is called
The Relexification Hypothesis
65
The theory that our universal grammar fills in the gaps of pidgins naturally is called
The Biprogram Hypothesis

LING 102 (3 decks)

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