Biology AS > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

Define classification

A

The act of arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences

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2
Q

Why do we classify organisms?

A

To make it easier to identify them and study them

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3
Q

Taxonomy definition

A

The study of classification

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4
Q

How do classification systems work?

A

By placing organisms into a taxonomic heirarchy

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5
Q

What are the 8 levels of taxonomic groups? (in order)

A

-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species
Keep Pond Clean Or Frog Gets Sick

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6
Q

What happens to the groups as you move down the heirarchy?

A

There are more groups but fewer organisms in each group

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7
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms in the five kingdom classification system?

A
  • Prokaryotae
  • Protoctista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
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8
Q

What are the general features of the Prokaryotae group?

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Unicellular
  • No nucleus
  • Less than 5 nanometers
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9
Q

What are the general features of the Protoctista group?

A
  • Eukaryotic cells
  • Usually live in water
  • Single celled or simple multicellular organisms
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10
Q

General features of the Fungi group

A
  • Eukaryotic cells
  • Chitin cell wall
  • Saprotrophic
  • Single celled or multicellular organisms
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11
Q

Define saprotrophic

A

-Can absorb substances from dead or decaying organisms

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12
Q

General features of Plantae group

A
  • Eukaryotic cells
  • Multicellular
  • Cell walls made of cellulose
  • Can photosynthesise
  • Contain chlorophyll
  • Autotrophic
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13
Q

General features of Animalia group

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • No cell walls
  • Heterotrophic
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14
Q

What is the naming system used for classification called?

A

The binomial system

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15
Q

How does the binomial naming system work?

A
  • The first part of the name is the genus name, and has a capital letter
  • The second part of the name is the species, written with a lower case letter
  • Names are always written in italics
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16
Q

Why is the binomial system used?

A

-To help avoid the confusion of using common names, e.g. over 100 different species are called raspberries

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17
Q

What is phylogeny?

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A

The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms. Tells us who’s related to whom and how closely

18
Q

What have all organisms evolved from?

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A

A shared common ancestor

19
Q

How can the relationship between organisms be shown?

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A

Phylogenetic tree

20
Q

On a phylogenetic tree, how can you tell species are closely related?

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A

How reacently they divereged away from each other e.g. closely related species diverge away from each other most recently

21
Q

Cladistics

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A

The method of classifying organisms and taking into account phylogeny when arranging into groups

22
Q

What was early classification based on?

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A

Observational features

23
Q

What is the problem with classifying based purely on observational features?

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A

Scientists don’t always agree on the relative importance of different features and physical features alone may not show how closely related organisms are

24
Q

What are the types of evidence that we now use to classify organism?

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A
  • Molecular evidence
  • Embryological evidence
  • Anatomical evidence
  • Behavioural evidence
25
Describe molecular evidence for classification
- The similarities in proteins and DNA - More closely related organisms will have more similar molecules - Can compare how DNA is stored, sequence of the bases - Can compare sequence of amino acids in proteins
26
How closely related are human and chimpanzee DNA?
94% the same
27
Cytochrome C
- A protein used in the process of respiration - All living things that respire must have it - Not identical in all species
28
How can cytochrome c be used to identify how closely species are related?
By identifying and comparing the amino acids in cytochrome c - If the sequences are the same=closely related - The more differences between the sequences the less closely related the species
29
Describe embryological evidence for classification
The similarities in early stages of an organisms development
30
Describe anatomical evidencs for classification
The similarities in structure and function of different body parts
31
Describe structural evidence for classification
The similarities in behaviour and social organisation of organisms
32
What can new technology do for classification?
Can result in new discoveries being made and relationships between organisms being clarifyed
33
What are the 3 domains?
- Eukarya - Archaea - Bacteria
34
Which kingdom split to create what 2 domains?
Prokaryotae split to create Archaea and Bacteria
35
What do organisms need to have to be in the kingdom of Eukarya?
A nucleus
36
Why was the three domains system proposed?
Because of new molecular evidence that showed large differences between Archaea and Bacteria
37
What was the evidence that changed the 5 kingdome system?
- Molecular evidence that the enzyme RNA polymerase is different in Bacteria and Archaea. Archaea, but not bacteria, have similar histones to Eukarya - Cell membrane evidence that the bonds of lipids in cell membranes of bacteria and Archaea are different, the development and composition of flagellae are also different
38
What is the domain Archaea more closely related to?
-Eukarya
39
Define Variation
The differences that exisit between individuals. Even clones show some variation
40
What are the 2 types of variation?
Intraspecific variation and interspecific variaton
41
Define intraspecific variation
Variation within species.
42
Define interspecific variation
Variation between species
Biology AS
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