Classification + evolution

Question 1

Classification

Answer 1

the act of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities and differences

Question 2

Taxonomy

Answer 2

the study of classification

Question 3

Taxonomic heirarchy

Answer 3

Domain, kingdoms, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 4

Naming species- binomial system

Answer 4

first part is genus w capital
second part is species w lowercase
in italics/underlined if handwritten

Question 5

The 5 kingdoms

Answer 5

prokaryotae, protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia

Question 6

Prokaryotae

Answer 6

prokaryotic, unicellular, no nucleus, less than 5 micrometres e.g bacteria

Question 7

Protoctista

Answer 7

eukaryotic, usually live in water, single or simple multicellular e.g algae

Question 8

Fungi

Answer 8

eukaryotic, chitin cell walls, saprotrophic (absorb substances from dead organisms), single/multi cellular e.g yeast

Question 9

Plantae

Answer 9

eukaryotic, multicellular, cellulose cell walls, photosynthesise, contain chlorophyll, autotrophic e.g moss

Question 10

Animalia

Answer 10

eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls, heterotrophic (consume plants and animals) e.g mammals

Question 11

Phlogeny

Answer 11

the study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms
species is smallest group that shares common ancestor
closely related species diverged most recently, branches close together

Question 12

Evidence for classification

Answer 12

observable features
embryological evidence
fossil evidence
molecular evidence- sequence in DNA bases, amino acids e.g cytochrome C the more similar, the closer related

Question 13

3 Domains

Answer 13

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 14

Intraspecific

Answer 14

variation within a species

Question 15

Interspecific

Answer 15

variation between species

Question 16

Continuous variation

Answer 16

when individuals in population vary within a range- no distinct categories e.g height, SA leaves and width

Question 17

Discontinuous variation

Answer 17

when there are 2 or more distinct categories and each individual falls into one e.g blood group, colour, antibiotic resistance

Question 18

Causes of variation

Answer 18

Genetic- different alleles so vary in phenotype (inherited)
Environmental- characteristics controlled by environment can change over life e.g piercing

Question 19

Standard deviation

Answer 19

used to measure variation
its the spread of values about the mean
n= number of values
x= value in data set
x with line= mean

Question 20

Spearmans rank correlation coefficient

Answer 20

see whether correlation between factor and variation
d= difference in rank between data pairs
n= total number of data pairs
between -1 and 1
closer to 0 the weaker the correlation

Question 21

Adaptations

Answer 21

variation makes some organisms better adapted to environment
increases chance of survival, reproduction and chances of offspring reproducing successfully- adaptations

Question 22

Types of adaptation

Answer 22

Behavioural-way act increases survival
physiological- processes inside body increase survival
anatomical- structural features increase survival

Question 23

Convergent evolution

Answer 23

when 2 species evolve similar characteristics independently of one another

Question 24

Marsupial mammals

Answer 24

short gestation period
dont develop full placenta
born in early development (mothers pouch)

Question 25

Placental mammals

Answer 25

longer gestation period develop placenta born more developed

Question 26

Darwins observations

Answer 26

organisms produce more offspring than survive variation in characteristics of members of same species some can be passed on from one generation to next those best adapted to environment most likely to survive

Question 27

Natural selection

Answer 27

individuals within population show variation in phenotypes selection pressures create struggles for survival those w better adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce- pass on advantageous allele to offspring overtime, proportions of population possessing advantageous adaptation increases over generations, this leads to evolution as favourable adaptation becomes more common

Question 28

Evidence of evolution

Answer 28

Fossils Molecular DNA- differences in DNA Molecular proteins- compare sequence of amino acids and antibodies

Question 29

Evolution of pesticide resistance

Answer 29

variation in population of insects, genetic mutations make some naturally resistant if population exposed only resistant ones will survive to reproduce alleles causing resistance passed to next generation, eventually population evolves more resistant