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Biology- module 4 > Section 1- disease and immune system > Flashcards

Section 1- disease and immune system Flashcards

diseases, defence, antibodies, immune response, immunity, antibiotics (62 cards)

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1
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Affects animals and caused by bacterium

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2
Q

Bacterial meningitis

A

Affects humans and caused by bacterium

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3
Q

Ring rot

A

Potatoes and tomatoes and caused by bacterium

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4
Q

HIV

A

Humans and caused by virus

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5
Q

Influenza

A

Animals and caused by virus

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6
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus

A

Plants and caused by virus

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7
Q

Black sigatoka

A

banana plants, fungus

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8
Q

Ringworm

A

cattle, fungus

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9
Q

Athletes foot

A

humans, fungus

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10
Q

Potato/tomato late blight

A

potatoes/tomatoes, protoctist

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11
Q

Malaria

A

animals, protoctist

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12
Q

Direct transmission

A

Directly from one to another e.g coughing/sneezing

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13
Q

Indirect transmission

A

From one to another via an intermediate e.g air, water, food or organism (vector)

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14
Q

Factors affecting disease transmission

A

Living conditions, climate and social factors

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15
Q

Animal defences: the skin

A

Physical + chemical barrier
produces antimicrobials and lowers pH, inhibiting pathogen growth

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16
Q

Animal defences: mucous membranes

A

protect body openings and some secret mucous

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17
Q

Blood clotting

A

mesh of protein fibres plug wounds
formed by chemical reactions when platelets exposed to damaged blood vessels

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18
Q

Inflammation

A

triggered by tissue damage which increases permeability of blood vessels so they leak fluid causing swelling (helps isolate pathogens), also causes vasodilation which increases blood flow making area hot and bringing WBC

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19
Q

Waxy cuticle

A

Physical, stop entry of pathogens and water collecting, reducing risk of infection

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20
Q

Cell walls

A

Physical plant defence

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21
Q

Callose

A

physical, Deposited between cell walls and membrane during stress

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22
Q

Antimicrobial chemicals

A

chemical, kill/inhibit pathogen growth

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23
Q

Chemicals in plants

A

toxic to insects which reduces infection by insects

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24
Q

Phagocytosis

A

phagocyte carries this out, non-specific
Phagocyte recognises antigen
Cytoplasm moves around it (engulfs)- aided by opsonins
Pathogen contained in phagosome in cytoplasm of phagocyte
Lysosome fuses w phagosome + enzymes breaks down pathogen
Phagocyte presents antigens by sticking them on its surface, activating other immune cells- antigen-presenting cell

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25
Opsonins
attach to foreign antigens to aid phagocytosis
26
Neutrophils
phagocyte, first to respond and move to wound in response to cytokines (released by cells at wound site)
27
T-lymphocyte activation
type of WBC, surface covered in receptors and bind to antigens presented by APCs Each has different receptors + binds to complimentary antigen This activates T lymphocyte- clonal selection Then undergoes clonal expansion Some become memory cells
28
T helper cells (T lymphocyte activation)
release substances to activate B lymphocytes and T killer cells
29
T killer cells (T lymphocyte activation)
attach and kill cells infected
30
T regulatory cells (T lymphocyte activation)
suppress immune system from other WBC to stop them from attacking hosts body cells by mistake
31
Clonal expansion
divides to produce clones
32
B lymphocyte activation and plasma cell production
B lymphocytes ,covered w antibodies, bind to antigens to form an antigen-antibody complex Each one has different shaped antibody on membrane so bind to different shaped antigens When antibody meets complimentary antigen, it binds to it, this (and T helper cells) activate B lymphocyte- clonal selection B lymphocyte then divides into plasma cells and memory cells- clonal expansion
33
Antibody production
Plasma cells are clones of B lymphocytes- secrete lots of antibody (specific to antigen) into blood These bind to antigens on surface of pathogen to form lots of antigen antibody complexes This is the signal for immune system to attack and destroy pathogen
34
Cell signalling
important in immune system as activates WBC needed
35
Blood smears
Most RBC- no nucleus Neutrophil- multi-lobed nucleus + grainy cytoplasm Lymphocyte- smaller, little cytoplasm, mostly nucleus Monocyte- biggest WBC + type of phagocyte, kidney bean shaped nucleus + non grainy cytoplasm
36
Antibody structure
proteins variable regions- form antigen binding sites + shape is complimentary to antigen Hinge region allows flexibility when binding Constant regions allow binding to receptors on immune system cells- same in all Disulfide bridges hold polypeptide chains of protein together
37
Agglutinating pathogens
Antibody can bind to 2 pathogens at time (2binding sites)- pathogens become clumped together Phagocytes bind and phagocytose a lot of pathogens at once Antibodies that do this called agglutinins
38
Neutralising toxins
Antibodies called anti-toxins bind to toxins produced by pathogens- prevents toxins affecting human cells Toxins neutralised toxin-antigen complexes also phagacytosed
39
Preventing pathogen binding to human cells
when antibodies bind to antigens they may block cell surface receptors that pathogens need to bind to host cells pathogen cant attach to/infect host cells
40
Primary immune response
Antigens activate immune system on first entry slow as few B lymphocytes make antibody needed T + B lymphocytes produce memory cells Memory T remember specific antigen Memory B record antibodies needed Now immune
41
Secondary immune response
If same pathogen enters again, quicker and stronger response Clonal selection and expansion happen faster Often rids pathogen before symptoms
42
Immunity maintained
through continual exposure to pathogen
43
Active immunity
immune system makes own antibodies after stimulation from antigen
44
Active, natural
immune after catching disease
45
Active, artificial
immune after vaccination w harmless dose of antigen
46
Passive immunity
immune system does not produce own antibodies, given from other organisms
47
Passive, natural
baby becomes immune due to antibodies from mother (placenta and milk)
48
Passive, artificial
antibodies injected from someone else
49
Autoimmune disease
immune system unable to recognise self-antigens so launch immune response against own tissues
50
Lupus (autoimmune disease)
immune system attacks cells in connective tissue, causing pain and inflammation
51
Rheumatoid arthritis (autoimmune disease)
immune system attacks cells in joints- pain and inflammation
52
Vaccination
contains antigens so body produces memory cells against pathogen- immune without symptoms antigens may be free or attached to weakened/dead pathogens If taken orally may be broken down by enzymes in gut or molecules too large to absorb into blood boosters sometimes given Causes immunisation
53
Herd immunity
most vaccinated so disease extremely rare, even those unvaccinated unlikely to catch it Helps prevent epidemics
54
MMR vaccine
protects against measels, mumps and rubella, 1 to baby the before start school Contains attenuated pathogens
55
Meningitis C vaccine
protects against bacteria that causes meningitis C, given when baby, then toddler, then teen
56
Vaccination change
sometimes pathogen changes surface antigens so vaccines must be changed regularly e.g influenza virus
57
Antibiotics
chemicals that kill/inhibit bacteria growth Target bacterial cells without affecting human cells Penicillin first
58
Antibiotic resistance
Genetic mutations can make some bacteria naturally resistant- advantage lives longer and reproduces more- passing advantageous allele to offspring- natural selection
59
MRSA (resistant)
causes serious wound infections and resistant to several antibiotics
60
Clostridium difficile
infects digestive system, harmless bacteria in digestive system killed by antibiotics that C.difficile resistant too
61
Future of medicine- personalised
tailored to individuals DNA, only prescribe what will work best for genetic info
62
Future of medicine- synthetic biology
technology used to make/design artificial proteins, cells and microorganisms

Biology- module 4 (3 decks)

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