Clauses Flashcards
(17 cards)
What is a Purpose Clause? How is it translated and introduced?
➤ Expresses the purpose of an action.
➤ Introduced by ‘ut’ (so that, in order to) or ‘ne’ (so that… not).
➤ Uses the SUBJUNCTIVE mood.
➤ Example: legatus milites misit ut oppugnarent – The commander sent soldiers to attack.
What is a Result Clause? How is it translated and introduced?
➤ Shows the result of an action.
➤ Introduced by ‘ut’ (that) and usually has a signpost word like tam, tot, tantus, adeo.
➤ Uses the SUBJUNCTIVE mood.
➤ Example: tam fortis erat ut omnes eum laudarent – He was so brave that everyone praised him.
What is an Indirect Command? How is it translated and introduced?
➤ Reports a command or request indirectly.
➤ Introduced by ‘ut’ (to) or ‘ne’ (not to) after a verb of asking, commanding, persuading.
➤ Uses the SUBJUNCTIVE mood.
➤ Example: imperavit eis ut irent – He ordered them to go.
What is an Indirect Question? How is it translated and introduced?
➤ Reports a question without using direct speech.
➤ Introduced by a question word (quis, quid, ubi, cur, num, etc).
➤ Uses the SUBJUNCTIVE mood.
➤ Example: nescio quid faciat – I don’t know what he is doing.
What is a Temporal Clause? How is it translated and introduced?
➤ Refers to time (when something happens).
➤ Introduced by ubi, postquam, simulac, cum, etc.
➤ Usually uses the INDICATIVE (except ‘cum’ with subjunctive for historic/causal meaning).
➤ Example: postquam cenavit, discessit – After he ate, he left.
What is a Cum Clause? How is it translated and introduced?
➤ ‘Cum’ + subjunctive can mean ‘when’, ‘since’, or ‘although’.
➤ Context determines translation.
➤ Uses the SUBJUNCTIVE mood.
➤ Example: cum venisset, discessimus – When he had come, we left.
What is a Conditional Clause? How is it translated and introduced?
➤ Introduced by ‘si’ (if) or ‘nisi’ (unless).
➤ Uses INDICATIVE or SUBJUNCTIVE depending on whether it’s real, hypothetical or impossible.
➤ Example: si hoc facis, stultus es – If you do this, you’re a fool.
What is a Relative Clause? How is it translated and introduced?
➤ Gives more information about a noun.
➤ Introduced by relative pronouns: qui, quae, quod (who, which, that).
➤ Verb tense and mood varies by context.
➤ Example: puella quae currit est celeris – The girl who runs is fast.
What is a Fear Clause? How is it translated and introduced?
➤ Expresses fear.
➤ Introduced by ‘ne’ (that) or ‘ut’ (that… not) after a verb of fearing.
➤ Uses the SUBJUNCTIVE mood.
➤ Example: timeo ne veniat – I fear that he may come.
What is a Dum Clause? How is it translated and introduced?
➤ ‘Dum’ can mean ‘while’, ‘until’, or ‘provided that’.
➤ Uses INDICATIVE for ‘while’, SUBJUNCTIVE for ‘until’ or ‘provided that’.
➤ Example: dum vivimus, speramus – While we live, we hope.
What is an Ablative Absolute? How is it translated and structured?
➤ A phrase with a noun + participle in the ablative.
➤ Translates as ‘with [noun] having [done something]’.
➤ Used to give background or circumstances.
➤ Example: hostibus victis, milites gaudebant – With the enemies defeated, the soldiers rejoiced.
What are Prepositions and how are they used?
➤ Used to show direction, position, etc.
➤ Take either the ACCUSATIVE (motion towards) or ABLATIVE (position or motion from).
➤ Accusative: ad (to), per (through), prope (near), in (into).
➤ Ablative: in (in/on), cum (with), sub (under), de (down from), sine (without).
What is a Negative Command? How is it translated and introduced?
➤ A command telling someone NOT to do something.
➤ In direct speech: use ‘noli’ (singular) or ‘nolite’ (plural) + infinitive.
➤ In indirect speech: use ‘ne’ + subjunctive.
➤ Example (direct): nolite currere – Do not run!
➤ Example (indirect): imperavit eis ne fugerent – He ordered them not to flee.
What is a Plural Imperative? How is it formed and translated?
➤ Used to tell more than one person to do something.
➤ Formed by taking the verb stem + ‘-te’.
➤ Example: parate – Prepare! (to more than one person)
➤ Contrast with singular imperative: para – Prepare! (to one person)
What does ‘num’ and ‘nonne’ mean in Latin questions?
➤ Used in yes/no questions.
➤ ‘nonne’ = expects the answer ‘yes’ (e.g. nonne venit? – Surely he is coming?)
➤ ‘num’ = expects the answer ‘no’ (e.g. num venit? – Surely he isn’t coming?)
What is a Subordinate Clause?
➤ A clause that depends on a main clause to make sense.
➤ Introduced by conjunctions like ‘ut’, ‘cum’, ‘si’, ‘ne’, ‘dum’, etc.
➤ Includes purpose, result, fear, indirect command, temporal, and conditional clauses.
➤ Example: milites discesserunt cum hostes appropinquarent – The soldiers left when the enemies were approaching.
