Participles & Constructions Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is a PP, how is it translated and recognised?
Present participle
-translated as ‘-ing’
-always has an ns or nt
-eg. portans = carrying
What is a PPP, how is it translated and recognised?
Perfect passive participle
-translated as ‘having been-‘
-fourth principal part of any verb except deponents (mostly has a tus)
-eg. portatus = having been carried
What is a PAP, how is it translated and recognised?
Perfect active participle
-translated as ‘having -ed’
-only deponent verbs have a PAP
-deponent verb which looks like PPP
-eg. conatus = having encouraged
What is a FP, how is it translated and recognised?
Future participle
-translated as ‘about to -‘ or ‘going to -‘
-formed from the stem of the PPP
-always has ‘-urus,’ ‘urua’ or ‘urum’
-portaturus, portatura, portaturum = about to carry
What is an ablative absolute?
-made up of at least one noun and participle in the ablative case
-tells us about an action that has been done before, at the same time or after the main verb
-the words in the AA are grammatically separate from the rest of the sentence
How would you translate this ablative absolute?
mercator𝚎̲ in via ambulant𝚎̲, feles ululavit
Literally; With the merchant walking in the street, the cat howled.
Naturally; As/when/whilst the merchant was walking in the street, the cat howled.
What is a gerundive of obligation?
-sentences in which an action ‘must be’ done by one or more people
-like geru𝗇̲𝖽̲ive, they always have endings with the letters ‘nd’ and end with ‘um’
-they agree with the noun that must be -ed
-if theres a dative, that noun is one who must do the action
How would you translate this gerundive of obligation?
urbs capienda est
The city must be captured
What if there’s a dative?
militibus urbs capienda est
-if theres a dative, that noun is one who must do the action
The city must be captured by the soldiers
What does ad + gerundive = ? translate the following;
Caecilius in cubiculum venit ad dormiendum
Ad + gerundive = purple clause (in order to)
Caecilius went into the bedroom in order to sleep
What is a present active participle?
Verbal adjective meaning ‘doing’ (e.g. amans = loving).
How do you form a present participle?
Take the present stem + -ns (nom.) / -nt- + 3rd declension endings.
What is a perfect passive participle (PPP)?
Verbal adjective meaning ‘having been done’ (e.g. amatus = having been loved).
How is a perfect passive participle formed?
It is the 4th principal part of the verb.
What is a future active participle?
Verbal adjective meaning ‘about to do’ (e.g. amaturus = about to love).
How do you form a future active participle?
Take the PPP stem + -urus, -ura, -urum + 1st/2nd declension endings.
What is an ablative absolute?
A noun + participle in the ablative, giving background info (‘with x having been y-ed’).
How is an ablative absolute translated?
As/when/whilst ___
What is an indirect statement in Latin?
A reported statement introduced by ‘that’, using the accusative + infinitive.
How do you translate ‘dico eum venire’?
I say that he is coming.
How do you translate ‘sciebam eos venisse’?
I knew that they had come.
How do you translate ‘spero eum venturum esse’?
I hope that he will come.
How do you recognise participles in a Latin sentence?
Look for endings like -ns, -nt-, -tus, -sus, -urus.
Why are participles useful?
They let Latin express actions as adjectives, giving extra information concisely.
