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Psychology > Cli. 4 Disorders > Flashcards

Cli. 4 Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Anxiety disorders?

A

Feeling of fear and anxiety - impose on daily functioning
Triggered by non-existent threats
Anxiety disorders - panic disorders, OCD, phobias

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2
Q

Phobias?

Anxiety

A

Persistent fear of object / situation

Immediate response

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3
Q

Phobia - SYMPTOMS?

Anxiety

A 
(Knows fear is irrational)
Shortness of breath
Intense terror
Lose control
Disrupts daily life
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4
Q

Phobia - DSM?

Anxiety

A 
Persistent fear
Immediate response from stimulus
Recognises fear is excessive
Phobic situation is avoided
Disrupts daily life
Lasted more than 6 months
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5
Q

Phobia - ICD?

Anxiety

A

Primary manifestation of anxiety - not secondary to other symptoms (delusions)
Restricted to phobic object / situation
Phobic situation avoided

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6
Q

Psychotic disorders?

A

Loss of contact with reality
Delusions
Withdrawal from outside world - become confused / disoriented
Schizophrenia - positive and negative symptoms

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7
Q

Schizophrenia - POSITIVE?

Psychotic

A

Delusions
Auditory hallucinations
Disorganised behaviour

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8
Q

Schizophrenia - NEGATIVE?

Psychotic

A

Losing emotional responses
Inability to feel emotion
Lack motivation

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9
Q

Schizophrenia - DSM?

Psychotic

A 
Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganised speech/behaviour
Negative symptoms
Social dysfunction
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10
Q

Affective disorders?

A

Different moods (happy/sad etc) natural responses to life
Affective disorders are disabling (strong emotions)- prevent individual from leading normal life
Depression:
-major: occur suddenly - reactive (external factors) or endogenous (internal factors)
-manic (bipolar): 2 extreme moods - mania (over-activity) and depression

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10
Q

Schizophrenia - ICD?

Psychotic

A 
Thought echo
Delusions of control
Hallucinatory voices
Delusions (persistent)
Hallucinations (persistent)
Incoherent speech
Reduction in apathy
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11
Q

Depression - EMOTIONAL RESPONSE?

Affective

A

Sadness
Depressed mood
Loss of pleasure from usual activities
Irritability

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12
Q

Depression - PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES?

Affective

A

Sleep deprivation
Agitation
Fatigue
Loss of energy

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12
Q

Depression - COGNITIVE RESPONSES?

Affective

A 
Poor concentration
Indecisiveness
Poor self esteem
Sense of worthlessness
Hopelessness
Thoughts of suicide
Delusions
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13
Q

Depression - DSM?

Affective

A 
Insomnia
Fidgeting
Tiredness
Feeling of worthlessness
Less ability to concentrate
Thoughts of death
Not caused by medication and hinder daily functioning
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14
Q

Depression - ICD?

Affective

A 
Depressed mood
Loss of interest / enjoyment
Reduced energy
Marked tiredness (after slog effort)
Reduced concentration
Reduced self esteem
Guilt
Pessimistic thoughts
Ideas of self harm
Disturbed sleep
Reduced appetite
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15
Q

xxLewinsohn - BACKGROUND?

Behavioural

A

-

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16
Q

Lewinsohn - AIM?

Behavioural

A

Compare amount of positive reinforcement received by depressed and non-depressed participants

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17
Q

Lewinsohn - SAMPLE?

Behavioural

A

30 participants

Depressed, ‘normal’ control and any disorder group

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18
Q

Lewinsohn - METHOD?

Behavioural

A

Longitudinal - 30 days

…

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19
Q

Lewinsohn - PROCEDURE?

Behavioural

A

Checked mood daily using depression adjective checklist (happy, active)
Completed pleasant activities scale - 320 activities (sports, meditating, yoga)

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20
Q

Lewinsohn - RESULTS?

Behavioural

A

Positive correlation between mood ratings and pleasant activities - more pleasant activities, more positive mood ratings
Lot of individual differences - more factors to depression than just pleasant activities

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21
Q

Lewinsohn - CONCLUSIONS?

Behavioural

A

Link between reinforcement from pleasant activities and mood
Further research required to identify individual characteristics that make some more influenced by pleasant activities than others

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22
Q

Lewinsohn - EVALUATION?

Behavioural

A

-

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23
Wender - BACKGROUND? | Biological
-
24
Wender - AIM? | Biological
Investigate contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the cause of mood disorders
25
Wender - SAMPLE? | Biological
Adoptive and biological relatives of: 71 adult adoptees - mean age of 43.7 (mood disorder) 71 adult adoptees - mean age of 44 (psychologically normal) Removed from mothers at early age
26
xxWender - METHOD? | Biological
-
27
Wender - PROCEDURE? | Biological
Psychiatric evaluation of relatives - independent blind diagnosis
28
Wender - RESULTS? | Biological
8 fold increase in unipolar depression among biological relatives 15 fold increase in suicide among biological relatives
29
Wender - CONCLUSIONS? | Biological
Genetic link between unipolar depression and suicide
30
Wender - EVALUATION? | Biological
-
31
Beck - BACKGROUND? | Cognitive
-
32
Beck - AIM? | Cognitive
Understand cognitive distortions in depressed patients
33
Beck - SAMPLE? | Cognitive
``` 50 participants with depression (16m / 34f) 18-48years old Middle/upper class Average intelligence or more 31 non-depressed controls ```
34
Beck - METHOD? | Cognitive
Clinical interviews - undergoing therapy for depression | Independent measures
35
Beck - PROCEDURE? | Cognitive
Face-to-face interviews | Diaries sometimes kept of thoughts (brought to sessions)
36
Beck - RESULTS? | Cognitive
``` Depressed patients: -low self esteem -self blame -responsibility -desire to escape -anxiety Regarded themselves as inferior Distortions were involuntary ```
37
Beck - CONCLUSIONS? | Cognitive
Patients showed cognitive distortions - illogical thinking
39
Beck - EVALUATION? | Cognitive
-
40
Reisinger - BACKGROUND? | Behavioural
-
40
Reisinger - AIM? | Behavioural
To see if behavioural therapy (token economy) can treat a patient with depression
41
Reisinger - SAMPLE? | Behavioural
White female - 20 years old | Inpatient for 6 years
43
Reisinger - METHOD? | Behavioural
Case study
44
Reisinger - PROCEDURE? | Behavioural
Token gained when observed smiling and removed when observed crying Token could be traded for desired things - better sleeping facilities, TV, trips etc Social reinforcement - 'well done' along with token Lasted 20 weeks
45
Reisinger - MEASUREMENTS? | Behavioural
Smiling response - opening of moth and upward turning of the lips Crying response - tears coming from eyes (5-30mins) Responses recorded by staff (3x daily) - 2hour maximum duration (coinciding with meal times) Observers 10ft+ away Inter rater reliability used with more than 1 observer (0.95 coefficient found)
46
Reisinger - RESULTS? | Behavioural
Baseline - smiling: 0 and crying: 30 (per week) Final week of treatment - smiling: 27 and crying: 2 (per week) Follow up study (after 18months) indicated no recommendation for further treatment
47
Reisinger - CONCLUSIONS? | Behavioural
Behavioural therapies can be very effective in treating depression
48
Reisinger - EVALUATION? | Behavioural
-
49
Karp & Frank - BACKGROUND? | Biological
``` Biological medication (for depression) increases neurotransmitters or prevents uptake of serotonin: -monoamine oxidase inhibitors (inhibit MAO increases noradrenalin, dopamine and serotonin) -tricyclics (enhance neurotransmitters) -selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (prevent uptake of serotonin) - most common Antidepressants act upon the neurological system - varying the amounts of neurotransmitters (eg serotonin) ```
50
Karp & Frank - AIM? | Biological
Compare drug treatment and non-drug treatments for depression
51
Karp & Frank - SAMPLE? | Biological
529 women - diagnosed with depression 9 pieces of research 1974-1992
52
Karp & Frank - METHOD? | Biological
Review article Previous research into effectiveness of single treatments and combined drug and psychotherapeutic treatments of depression
54
Karp & Frank - PROCEDURE? | Biological
Patients were tested prior to and after treatment for depression
54
Karp & Frank - RESULTS? | Biological
Adding psychological treatments to drug therapy did not increase the effectiveness of drug therapy Less attrition with combination therapies (sometimes) - more likely to continue treatment if cognitive and drug therapy used
55
Karp & Frank - CONCLUSIONS? | Biological
Combined treatments gives no better outcome than only drug therapy Drug therapy is effective
56
Karp & Frank - EVALUATION? | Biological
-
57
xxRiggs - BACKGROUND? | Combined CBT
Cognitive treatments for depression based on theory of faulty cognitions - changing negative thoughts into positive ones (irrational to rational) Help perceive the world as more positive Assumptions of cognitive behavioural therapy: -patients respond to situations on the basis of their own negative interpretations -thoughts, behaviour and feelings are related to each other -...
58
Riggs - AIM? | Combined CBT
Evaluate effect of fluoxetine vs placebo - combined with CBT | Effect on depression, substance abuse and conduct disorder
60
Riggs - SAMPLE? | Combined CBT
126 adolescents diagnosed with depression | Diagnosed with substance abuse and conduct disorder
60
Riggs - METHOD? | Combined CBT
Independent measures | CBT directed at substance abuse (not depression)
62
Riggs - PROCEDURE? | Combined CBT
``` 16 weeks being treated by: -fluoxetine or -placebo (and CBT for substance abuse) ```
63
Riggs - RESULTS? | Combined CBT
Fluoxetine and CBT combination most effective - led to significant improvements
64
xxRiggs - CONCLUSIONS? | Combined CBT
??
65
Riggs - EVALUATION? | Combined CBT
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Psychology (6 decks)

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