For. 4 After a guilty verdict Flashcards

Question

Zimbardo and Haney - CHANGES? | Prison situation

Answer 1

Political pressure to put more in prison (1980s) - rehabilitation discredited (more sent to prison) Racial bias - 48% black (only 6% general population) Drug offenders over represented (War on drugs policy)

Answer 2

Prisons should be used sparingly - psychologically damaging (more resources for alternatives) Take account of individual differences in how offender adapts to prison More situationally specific assessments Psychological knowledge should be used to improve imprisonment

Answer 3

Alternative to custodial sentence Keep offender under surveillance Provide support Released into the community - submit to probation officer Given suspended prison sentence - return to prison if they don't comply 200,000 offenders on community sentence (probation)

Answer 4

Stay out of trouble On time for appointments Take part in all court requirements Must not threaten people or make offensive remarks

Answer 5

Investigate experiences of offenders on probation

Answer 6

Pilot study (questionnaire) 7 probation offices 24 offenders

Answer 7

3299 offenders (all crimes/ages) 22 probation offices 40% failed to take part

Answer 8

Structured interviews - independently employed researchers | Multiple choice or likert scales - quantitative

Answer 9

``` 88% probation extremely useful 60% probation officer would help sort out problems - there to talk to 37% would stop them reoffending Someone to talk to most useful function: -accommodation -money -employment -family ```

Answer 10

Probation seen in positive light by offenders Those who didn't turn up (40%) may disagree Those on probation: -unemployed -on benefits -poorly qualified -poor health Not 1 offender thought probation was intended to stop them reoffending ⅓ commit another crime

Answer 11

Moves away from punishing offender independent of victim - all people affected discuss the effects Punishment sometimes agreed by police, offender and victim Resolves conflict and repairs harm = prevents it happening again Crime against the victim (vs state), victims and offenders brought together (vs kept apart), offender encouraged to accept responsibility (vs not) Victim/offender satisfaction 73-90%

Answer 12

Look at good practice in restorative justice | How effective at reducing reoffending

Answer 13

Review article

Answer 14

Internet search restorative justice 424 'hits' - likely pieces of research 2 researchers analysed the content for samples where offenders on RJ programme compared with similar sample (no RJ) - minimum standard by Home Office ("reasonably unbiased" results) 36 studies

Answer 15

Reduction in reoffending - violence and property crime Does not work it all cases Most effective - personal victim (not company) and violence crime Improve mental state of victim (reduces post traumatic shock symptoms - come to terms with what happened)

Answer 16

Strong evidence restorative justice effective (reducing reoffending) in some cases Support for increased use for young offenders

Answer 17

Alternative to imprisonment | Abolished by majority of industrialised nations (except USA)

Answer 18

Innocent people placed on death row (wrongly executed) Expensive (paid by taxpayer) - $620,000 (8x murder case) Less pent on lawyer, more likely to receive death sentence Racial discrimination - murders of white victims more likely to get death sentence More stereotypically black features - death sentence more likely

Answer 19

Investigate if black offenders (more stereotypically black features) more likely to get death sentence (than white offenders)

Answer 20

``` Death penalty cases (Philadelphia, USA) - 1979-1999 44 cases - black murdered white victim Investigated: -factors influencing crime -murder severity -attractiveness -socioeconomic status -stereotypically black features Rated on scale (1-11) how black (51 raters - Stanford University) - 4secs each ```

Answer 21

Most significant variable - stereotypically black features | 57.5 more likely to receive death sentence

Answer 22

Support for stereotypically black offenders more likely to receive death sentence Black physical traits associated with criminality - influence sentencing decisions (only when victim white)

Answer 23

When black offender and black victim - no significant effect Black victim seen as less important Jurors see race of offender as blameworthy factor

Answer 24

Assume: -criminal act preceded by criminal thoughts -fixing faulty criminal thinking patterns stops crime Change offenders' thinking to give better: -control over impulsiveness -problem solving skills -moral reasoning Part of cognitive behavioural therapy techniques

Answer 25

Assumes: -offenders have cognitive skills deficits (prevent successful integration into society) -socialisation and cognitive skills can be taught Learn new behavioural and cognitive skills Teach life skills - without criminal activity 35 sessions (90-120mins each) - 6-8 offenders Emphasises group discussion, role playing and games - work on assignments between sessions Available in 23 prisons (to high enough IQ and basic literacy skills)

Answer 26

Evaluate success of cognitive skills programmes for prisoners

Answer 27

Quasi Experimental group: cognitive skills programme Control group: didn't Reconviction rates compared

Answer 28

670 male offenders (serving 2+ years) | Voluntarily participated in cognitive skills programme (1992-96)

Answer 29

``` Programme focused on correcting faulty thinking patterns 40 or 72hours of programme Taught: -self control -social perspective -behaviour rules ```

Answer 30

Significant drop in reconviction rates (14% lower after 2 years than control)

Answer 31

Cognitive skills programmes successful in reducing reconviction rates Programme rolled out across prison service (after study) - cost effective (reduces prison population) Later research - CSP not as effective

Answer 32

CSP gender biased 180 female offenders No significant difference in reconviction rates Not as effective for females (women offend for different reasons, didn't meet their needs)

Answer 33

Therapeutic treatment programme - assumes violence caused by anger (controlling anger = decrease violence) Based on cognitive behavioural therapy techniques (CBT) - combines reinforcement with positive cognitive processes Correct faulty thinking -increase understanding of why/how they become angry -develop strategies for controlling their anger -consider how lives will improve if they control their anger

Answer 34

Controlling Anger and Learning to Manage it For prisoners with problems managing their emotions Excluded: psychotic illness, no literacy skills and use instrumental aggression (for a purpose)

Answer 35

Assess effectiveness of group based anger management programme

Answer 36

Quasi | 2 naturally occurring groups (anger management vs none)

Answer 37

Experimental: 50 young male prisoners - completed anger management programme Control: 37 young male prisoners - no course (but suitable) Matched on age, offence and level of angry behaviours before course

Answer 38

Assessed 2 weeks before course and 8 weeks later on: -prison officers' behavioural checklist - 29 angry behaviours (score 0,1,2) previous week -anger management questionnaire - self report (53 items) 12x 1hour sessions: -became aware of processes leading to anger -told of benefits of controlling anger -improved techniques of anger management -practice (through role play)

Answer 39

Checklist: significant reduction in angry behaviours (experimental group) - none in control Questionnaire: significantly lower on reported angry behaviours - no different in control 92% showed improvement on 1+ measure (42% on 2 measures) 8% deterioration on both measures

Answer 40

Significantly reduced disruptive/angry behaviours in prisoners No later reconviction data (can't know if effects sustained)

Answer 41

130,000 offenders into prison per year (70,000 substance abuse problem) Acupuncture dates back to 2nd century b.c. in China Belief that energy (chi) flows through body - acupuncture points on paths (where chi flows) Disease caused by imbalance of yin and yang (blockage of chi) Relieves pain, treats infertility and treats and prevents disease

Answer 42

Stimulating key points in ear - reduce drug cravings (in brain) Alternative treatment since 2002 Cheap and doesn't require prisoner motivation to work

Answer 43

Assess effectiveness of ear acupuncture in treating substance abuse (of prisoners)

Answer 44

``` 350 prisoners (high security prisons) Received acupuncture with standard care (FOCUS) or control - no acupuncture but with standard care ```

Answer 45

2 trained practitioners - worked with groups of 10-15 prisoners (relaxed setting) Fine needles inserted into 5 acupuncture points (paths) in ear Relaxed for 40mins Returned to normal duties

Answer 46

``` Qualitative: -better sleep -improved relaxation -better coping skills -reduced cravings for drugs -more effort to communicate with families -staff could tell if they had been to acupuncture Quantitative: 70% reduction drug related incidents 42% reduction positive drug results 41% reduction serious incidents ```

Answer 47

Enough evidence for effectiveness of ear acupuncture - expand delivery of programme to all prisons Complements therapy with other programmes

Answer 48

1433 cocaine addicts Compared genuine acupuncture with fake acupuncture (needles placed randomly) No significant difference

For. 4 After a guilty verdict Flashcards

(73 cards)