For. 2 Making a Case Flashcards

Question

Mann - BACKGROUND? | Detecting lies

Answer 1

Checks and balances: -caution given on arrest (you do not need to say anything...) -defendant presumed not guilty -Police and Criminal Evidence Act - (controls police procedures) - all interviews recorded with 3 copies - police, solicitor and court Police need to determine if the suspect is telling the truth Heavily influences if they arrest and charge suspect Important to see if police can accurately detect when an individual is deceiving them Police's 'gut feeling' is not reliable

Answer 2

Test police officer's ability to distinguish truth and lie during interviews with suspects

Answer 3

99 Kent police officers (75% male)

Answer 4

Judged truthfulness of 54 real police interview videos 14 suspects - head and torso shown Further evidence used to determine if truth or lie Participants fill out questionnaire: -truth or lie -confidence (1-7) -behavioural cues (to detect lie)

Answer 5

65% accuracy detecting truth and lie Weak positive correlation - increasing experience and detecting truth and lies (0.19) Cues - direction of gaze, fidgeting, vagueness, contradicting story

Answer 6

Police officers reasonably good at detecting lies Can't compare to general public (control) - unethical (real police interviews) More experience = better at detecting lies Officers good at detecting lies relied on story cues (inconsistencies) - not body language etc Police officer training may improve performance (what to look for)

Answer 7

Purpose of interrogation is to extract confession Interrogations have accusatory tone (interviews don't) Investigator says there is no doubt they're guilty Police services use interrogating manuals - Inbau (American)

Answer 8

Suspect told they are thought to have committed crime

Answer 9

Suspect offered chance to shift blame away from them Suggestions/justifications offered for what happened (minimising suspect's guilt) Showing sympathy makes it easier to admit guilt

Answer 10

Should never be allowed to deny guilt | Interrupt denials to prevent suspect getting psychological advantage

Answer 11

Suspect often gives reason why they can't have committed crime Ignore them - they'll give up trying

Answer 12

Reinforce sincerity to ensure suspect is receptive | Keep good eye contact and use first names

Answer 13

Suspect will become quiet and listen Focus on distress of victim If suspect cries, infer guilt

Answer 14

``` Pose 'alternative question' 2 choices (accounts of crime) - both are incriminating but 1 allows for suspect to explain why they committed the crime ```

Answer 15

Admit guilt in front of witnesses

Answer 16

Document their confession and get them to sign it | Avoids retracting it later

Answer 17

Police and Criminal Evidence Act (1984) - can't use deception or false evidence - less interviews at night - interviews recorded (jurors can listen to make up their own mind if interviewed appropriately) - suspect more likely to consult a solicitor before interrogation

Answer 18

``` False confession = true criminal escapes justice (innocent in prison or executed) Types: -voluntary: no external pressure (desire to be famous, guilt, protect real criminal) -coerced compliant: only way out of bad situation (avoid threat) -coerced internalised: come to believe they're guilty (memories fragile, stressful interrogation) - low IQ, young and suggestible at risk Interrogation circumstances (situation) and suspect's suggestibility (individual) influence ```

Answer 19

Document case with false confession of youth who was distressed and susceptible to interrogative pressure

Answer 20

``` Case study 'FC' - 17 year old youth Accused of 2 murders Average intelligence No mental illness ```

Answer 21

1987 - 2 elderly women murdered in their home - money taken and sexually assaulted FC arrested due to inconsistencies with his movements and spending more money than usual - no forensic evidence Denied access to solicitor and interviewed at length Confessed and wrote statement in prison Released after a year when someone else confessed

Answer 22

First interview - 14hours (with breaks) Denied being near the scene but they accused him of lying - eventually agreed Questioning was leading and accusatory - suggested he was sexually impotent Removed confession the next day - then re-confessed about failure with women relationships 3 more interviews

Answer 23

``` Examined by psychiatrists in prison No evidence of mental health 94 IQ Extrovert personality High suggestibility on Gudjohnsson Suggestibility Scale ```

Answer 24

Coerced compliant false confession Gave into pressure to escape interview situation False confessions could happen to anyone - not just mentally ill or low IQ

Answer 25

Used by forensic services to predict characteristics of an unknown suspect Used to catch serial bomber in New York (1940-1956) - profile developed

Answer 26

VICAP created by FBI - filled with details about offenders Used to identify similarities between crimes committed by the same offender Case compared against others to see similar patterns - modus operandi (method of operation) Nomothetic: study of group behaviour to establish general rules of behaviour 'MO' helps identify motive and characteristics of criminal Used to catch Ted Bundy (serial killer)

Answer 27

Roy Hazelwood and John Douglas extended top down approach after interviewing numerous murderers Criminals fit into 2 categories - organised and disorganised Organised: orderly crime scene, higher IQ, bring weapons to crime scene Disorganised: disorderly crime scene, lower IQ, less controlled

Answer 28

Test reliability of organised/disorganised typologies

Answer 29

Content analysis - 100 cases (serial killers from USA) | See if features of each typology (organised/disorganised) would be consistent

Answer 30

Twice as many disorganised than organised crime scenes - easier to identify or more common Organised behaviours - body concealed (70%) and sexual activity (75%) Disorganised - rape (66%) Statistical analysis - no significant difference between organised and disorganised

Answer 31

All crimes have an organised element to them (killers were not caught after 3 killings) Better to look at individual personality differences between offenders

Answer 32

Offender profiling in UK developed by David Canter Integrated psychological concepts with investigation techniques Developed alternative offender profiling method based on evidence Idiosyncratic: Developing a profile from the details of the crime scene (not generalised typology) - focuses on nature of each individual case Geographical profiling: locate probable home location of a serial offender from the distribution of crimes on a map - use Dragnet (computer program)

Answer 33

Identify behaviour patterns of sexual offenders (from offences similarities)

Answer 34

Content analysis - 66 sexual offences (27 offenders) | Used to find which offence variables (out of 33) were linked to potential behaviour characteristics

Answer 35

5 offence variables (prominent in 66 offences): -rape -no reaction to victim -impersonal language -surprise attack -victim's clothing disturbed =different behaviour patterns for each offender

Answer 36

Supports bottom up approach Different patterns for different offenders - no 'type' of rapist Certain behaviours common in all sexual offences (similarities between offenders) Individual profile required for a case - different patterns

Answer 37

24 sexual assaults and 3 murders near railways (London) 1982-1986 First attacks rapes, then murders John Duffy with accomplice David Mulcahy Bottom up profiling brought Duffy to attention of police

Answer 38

Predicted: - kept souvenirs from the crime (33 door keys from the victim) - aggressive under the influence of drugs or alcohol (violent and attacked wife) - lived in local area of London (only suspect to live locally in Kilburn) - worked on railway (did)

Answer 39

``` Murdered in 1992 - violent attack on Wimbledon common Offender profiler (Paul Britton) helped (used top down offender profiling) ```

Answer 40

``` Predicted: -young man -difficulties relating to women (single) -average intelligence (brutal, disorganised crime) -unskilled occupation -walking distance of Wimbledon Common Profile aired on Crimewatch ```

Answer 41

Colin Stagg came up many times No evidence to link him to crime Covert observation - said something they thought linked him to the crime (arrested him) David Canter defended him - psychological speculation and no evidence Paul Britton (profiler) - disciplinary procedure from British Psychological Society

Answer 42

``` With Colin Stagg in custody - another murder (Samantha Bisset) Paul Briton (profiler) didn't link the 2 crimes - different perpetrator (wrong) Fingerprint at crime scene - Robert Napper (admitted Samantha Bisset murder) DNA analysis advances = present at Rachel Nikell murder ```

Answer 43

Rarely provides specific identity of offender Does not solve the crime - indication of type of person Police must not be blinded to other possibilities (criminals don't always fit the profile) Most useful for sadistic murders (sexual in nature) - not motivated by material gain (robbery)

For. 2 Making a Case Flashcards

(69 cards)