Clin Phys 3

Question 1

What is the interventricular septum?

Answer 1

thick muscular wall that separates left and right ventricle

Question 2

What are the great vessels?

Answer 2

Pulmonary trunk + left and right pulmonary arteries
Aorta
Superior and inferior vena cavae
Pulmonary veins

Question 3

What chamber is the pulmonary trunk + left and right pulmonary arteries connected to?

Answer 3

right ventricle

Question 4

What chamber is the aorta connected to?

Answer 4

left ventricle

Question 5

What chamber are the superior and inferior vena cavae connected to?

Answer 5

right atrium

Question 6

What chamber are the pulmonary veins connected to?

Answer 6

left atrium

Question 7

Where are the atrioventricular valves located?

Answer 7

between atria and ventricles

Question 8

Where are the semilunar valves location?

Answer 8

between ventricles and great arteries

Question 9

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?

Answer 9

prevents back-flow to left and right atrium

Question 10

Contrast size in atrioventricular vs. semilunar valves.

Answer 10

atrioventricular: larger, more “floppy”
semilunar: smaller, “tighter”

Question 11

T/F: Semilunar valves are anchored by chordae tendinae.

Answer 11

False. Atrioventricular valves are anchored by chordae tendinae

Question 12

What is the purpose of the chordae tendinae?

Answer 12

Keep AV valves from “flopping back” (prolapse) into atria during ventricular contraction

Question 13

What is the name of the left AV valve?

Answer 13

mitral/bicuspid

Question 14

What is the name of the right AV valve?

Answer 14

Tricuspid

Question 15

What is the name of the left semilunar valve?

Answer 15

aortic valve

Question 16

What is the name of the right semilunar valve?

Answer 16

pulmonary valve

Question 17

Where are papillary muscles and what do they attach to?

Answer 17

located in ventricles, attach to tricuspid and mitral valves vis chordae tendinae

Question 18

T/F: Posterior surface of the heart is easier to auscultate and palpate than anterior surface.

Answer 18

False, anterior surface is easier

Question 19

What is visible on the anterior surface of the heart?

Answer 19

• part of right atrium (auricle)
• right ventricle
• “tip” of left ventricle -> PMI -> APEX
• superior-lateral side of left ventricle
• both semi-lunar valves are anterior AV valves

Question 20

Do the AV (mitral, tricuspid) valves open during systole or diastole?

Answer 20

diastole (filling)

Question 21

Do the semilunar (aortic, pulmonic) valves open during systole or diastole?

Answer 21

systole (ejecting)

Question 22

How can you find the 2nd intercostal space?

Answer 22

Find “bump” between manubrium and body of sternum (Angle of Louis, Sternal Angle) -> below this is the 2nd intercostal space

Question 23

What lies on the right border of the heart?

Answer 23

right atrium

Question 24

What lies on the inferior surface of the heart?

Answer 24

left and right ventricle

Question 25

What lies on the left border of the heart?

Answer 25

left ventricle

Question 26

What lies at the base of the heart?

Answer 26

great arteries emerge from superior aspect (directed backward, upward, and to the right)

Question 27

In reference to auscultation and palpation, what valve does the 2nd intercostal space, left sternal border correspond to?

Answer 27

pulmonic (semilunar) valve

Question 28

In reference to auscultation and palpation, what valve does the 2nd intercostal space, right sternal border correspond to?

Answer 28

aortic (semilunar) valve

Question 29

In reference to auscultation and palpation, what valve does the 4th/5th intercostal space, right sternal border correspond to?

Answer 29

tricuspid (right AV) valve + right ventricle

Question 30

In reference to auscultation and palpation, what valve does the 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line correspond to? Any other important structures located here?

Answer 30

mitral/bicuspid (left AV valve) + PMI (Apex)

Question 31

What does S1 heart sound sound like and what valves are closing?

Answer 31

Lub sound, closing of AV valves (mitral valve)

Question 32

What does S2 heart sound sound like and what valves are closing?

Answer 32

Dub sound, closing of semilunar valves (aortic valves)

Question 33

T/F: Dub is lower frequency sound since AV valves are bigger and more "floppy"

Answer 33

False. Lub is lower frequency sound since AV valves are bigger and more "floppy"

Question 34

T/F: Common to hear a valve opening

Answer 34

False. Uncommon (called snaps)

Question 35

Describe Laminar flow.

Answer 35

Smooth and orderly, normal

Question 36

Describe Turbulent flow.

Answer 36

rapid, forming disorderly eddies and vibrations

Question 37

What causes turbulent flow and in turn what does turbulent flow cause?

Answer 37

caused by valvular abnormalities, can cause murmurs and extra heart sounds

Question 38

What does stenosis mean?

Answer 38

narrowing, valve doesn't open widely enough

Question 39

T/F: lower pressures are needed to push blood through narrow (stenosis) valve.

Answer 39

False, higher pressures

Question 40

How does stenosis cause murmurs and when is it heard?

Answer 40

the high pressure causes "noisy" turbulent flow, heard when blood is flowing across the valve (when it should be open)

Question 41

What does regurgitation mean?

Answer 41

valve doesn't close fully

Question 42

What happens during regurgitation?

Answer 42

backflow occurs into the chamber before it relaxes

Question 43

How does regurgitation cause murmurs and when is it healed?

Answer 43

backflow causes "noisy" turbulent flow, heard while blood is flowing across the valve (when it should be closed)

Question 44

Give an example of why stenosis occurs.

Answer 44

valves "scar" overtime due to physical stresses causing narrowing

Question 45

Give an example of why regurgitation occurs.

Answer 45

Damage to heart valves can make them unable to close fully

Question 46

Name the murmur heard during ventricular diastole at the 2nd intercostal space, right sternal border.

Answer 46

aortic regurgitation

Question 47

Name the murmur heard during ventricular systole at the 2nd intercostal space, right sternal border

Answer 47

aortic stenosis

Question 49

Name the murmur heard during ventricular systole at the 2nd intercostal space, left sternal border.

Answer 49

pulmonic stenosis

Question 50

Name the murmur heard during ventricular diastole at the 5th intercostal space, left sternal border

Answer 50

tricuspid stenosis

Question 51

Name the murmur heard during ventricular systole at the 5th intercostal space, left sternal border

Answer 51

tricuspid regurgitation

Question 52

Name the murmur heard during ventricular diastole at the 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line

Answer 52

mitral stenosis

Question 52

Name the murmur heard during ventricular systole at the 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line

Answer 52

mitral regurgitation