Clinical (15-19%) Flashcards
(432 cards)
1
Q
Define personality
A
the study of why people act the way they do and why different people act differently
2
Q
The “old school” personality theories were generally of what sort?
A
Type theory
3
Q
What is a type theory
A
the idea that people could be placed into personality categories based on physical appearance
4
Q
What type of personality theory dominated the western world during the 1800s?
A
Phrenology
5
Q
Examining head and skull shape to determine personality is called…
A
phrenology
6
Q
Who devised a type theory based on body type?
A
William Sheldon
7
Q
Define somatotypes
A
body types that were used to guess at individuals personalities
8
Q
What were the three somatotypes proposed by Sheldon?
A
Endomorph - short, plump body
Metomorph - muscular, athletic
Ectomorph - skinny, fragile body
9
Q
According to Sheldon, what was a short, plump body supposed to say about your personality?
A
That you were sociable with pleasure-seeking behavior
10
Q
According to Sheldon, what was a muscular, athletic body supposed to say about your personality?
A
That you are energetic and aggressive
11
Q
According to Sheldon, what was a skinny, fragile body supposed to say about your personality?
A
That you are inhibited and intellectual.
12
Q
Psychoanalytic theory was founded by who?
A
Sigmund Freud
13
Q
Psychoanalytic theory proposes that what is central to human nature?
A
Conflict
14
Q
Freud originally though the central conflict of human nature was between these two things, and later changed his mind to seeing it as between these two things.
A
Libido vs. ego
Eros vs. Thanatos
15
Q
What is Eros in terms of psychoanalytic theory?
A
The life force which includes love and sex
16
Q
What is Thanatos in terms of psychoanalytic theory?
A
The death force which includes self-destructive behavior
17
Q
What motivates individuals according to psychoanalytic theory?
A
the need to seek pleasure and avoid pain
18
Q
What were the elements of Freud’s topographic model of the mind?
A
Conscious elements (openly acknowledged) Preconscious forces (below the sources but accessible) Unconscious elements (drives and wishes)
19
Q
What were the elements of Freud’s structural model of the mind?
A
1) Id
2) Ego
3) Superego
20
Q
What is the function of the Id?
A
Unconscious biological drives and wishes - it operates on the pleasure principle and is especially prevalent early on in life.
21
Q
What is the function of the superego?
A
The part of the mind that imposes learned or socialized drives. It is not something we are born with but develops over time and is influenced by moral and parental training.
22
Q
What is the ego?
A
The part of the mind that mediates between the environment and the pressures of the id and superego.
23
Q
What is the “reality principle” as it applies to psychoanalytic theory?
A
How the ego has to respond to the demands of the environment by delaying gratification.
24
Q
In psychoanalytic theory what determines a positive state of mental health?
A
How well the ego handles the competing push and pull between the competing forces of the id, superego, and ego (environment).
25
Define psychic determinism
The idea that mental events do not happen by chance but always have an underlying cause that can be determined by analysis.
26
In psychoanalytic theory, what determines a negative state of mental health?
Repressed drives and conflicts
27
According to psychoanalytic theory how might neurosis manifest itself?
1) Pathological behavior
2) Dreams
3) unsconscious behaviors
28
How often are patients in psychoanalysis seen by their therapist?
4-5 times per week for many years
29
In psychoanalysis the terms used for the discharge of repressed emotion is known as
catharsis OR abreaction
30
What two elements of dreams did Freud evaluate?
1) manifest content (the actual content of the dream)
| 2) latent content (the unconscious forces the dreams are trying to express)
31
What methods play a role in psychoanalysis
1) (initially) hypnosis
2) (later) free association
3) dream analysis
32
Who developed the types of hypnosis used by Freud?
Jean Charcot and Pierre Janet
33
Who developed the free association techniques used by Feud?
Joseph Breuer
34
What is the meaning of transference as it applies to psychoanalysis
a patient’s displacement or projection onto the analyst of those unconscious feelings and wishes originally directed toward important individuals, such as parents, in the patient’s childhood.
It is posited that this process brings repressed material to the surface where it can be reexperienced, studied, and worked through to discover the sources of a patient’s current neurotic difficulties and to alleviate their harmful effects.
35
What is the meaning of transference as it applies more broadly to psychology?
an unconscious repetition of earlier behaviors and their projection onto new subjects as it applies to all human interactions
36
What is countertransference?
The therapist’s unconscious (and often conscious) reactions to the patient.
These thoughts and feelings are based on the therapist’s own psychological needs and conflicts and may be unexpressed or revealed through conscious responses to patient behavior.
It may either be a hindrance to therapy OR it may serve as a source of insight into the patient’s effect on other people. In either case, the analyst or therapist must be aware of, and analyze, countertransference so that it can be used productively within the therapeutic process.
37
What is it called when a therapist uses the problems that are emerging from transference to resolve problems that are a result of previous relationships?
Object relations therapy
38
What is the goal of psychoanalysis?
To make more unconscious forces conscious which makes the ego better able to mediate them.
39
Why is Freud's methodology widely criticized?
Because it was not created using the scientific method but rather based on single case studies of women.
40
Define "defense mechanism" in terms of psychoanalysis
One of the ways the ego protects itself from threatening unconscious forces.
41
What are some defense mechanisms?
```
Denial
Displacement
Intellectualization
Projection
Regression
Repression
Rationalization
Reaction Formation
Sublimation
Undoing
```
42
Define sublimation
Substitute a unacceptable behavior with a more acceptable (often highly creative or productive behavior) to satisfy the impulse
43
Define regression
reverting back to an earlier psychosexual stage of development, often in response to external problems or internal conflicts.
More generally - a return to a prior, lower state of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
44
Define rationalization
denying the true motivations for one's behavior in favor of false but more acceptable or self-serving explanations. (ie. sour grapes)
45
Define projection
attempting to disown ones unacceptable feelings or characteristics by falsely attributing them to others
46
Define undoing
trying to negate or reverse an unacceptable act by then doing its opposite (ie trying to right wrongs)
47
Define reaction formation
behaving in a manner that is directly opposed to an underlying impulse that the individual considers unacceptable
48
Define displacement
transferring impulses or feelings from their original object to a less threatening object (usually aggression).
49
Define denial
preventing painful or anxiety producing truths from even entering into one's consciousness
50
Define repression
denying painful or anxiety-producing memories, feelings, or thoughts from becoming conscious
51
Define intellectualization
which conflicts or emotional problems are dealt with abstractly or concealed by excessive intellectual activity
52
Define "screen memory"
a memory that serves as representations of important childhood experiences (in psychoanalysis)
53
What is psychoanalysis' perspective on aggression?
That it is a central force in humans that must find a socially acceptable outlet
54
Who applied Fruedian ideas to child psychology and development?
Anna Freud
55
Who applied object-relations theory and psychoanalysis to children?
Melanie Klein
56
Who are some Neo-Freudian thinkers?
Karen Horney and Harry Stack Sullivan
57
Harry Stack Sullivan's work focused on
Social and interpersonal relationships (in the context of Freud)
58
What did Karen Horney believe about neuroticism?
That it is expressed as movement toward, against, and away from people.
59
Karen Horney (a Neo-Freudian) focused more on what over instinct?
culture and society
60
What is the name of theories that focus on the role of the unconscious?
psychodynamic theory
61
The school of psychology that Alfred Adler founded is called...
Individual Theory
62
What motivates individuals in Individual or Alderian Theory?
Social Needs & Feelings of Inferiority
63
How does individual theory view people?
as creative, social, and whole
64
In individual theory why do mental health issues occur?
Individuals are too affected by inferior feelings to pursue the will to power. Goals that are pursued are self-serving or egotistical
65
Define "will to power"
An idea from Alderian (or individual) theory where individuals quest for feelngs of superiority
66
What early psychologist was known for his role in family therapy?
Alfred Adler
67
How does therapy look in individual theory?
Patients examine their motivations, perceptions, goals, and resources through their lifestyle and choices. Unconscious choices do play a role.
68
What is seen as the goal of the mind in individual theory?
becoming or realizing ones self.
69
What is the goal of individual theory?
1) reduce feelings of inferiority
| 2) foster social interest and contribution
70
What is the weakness of individual theory?
Best used for individuals who are relatively normal and looking to grow rather than those with significant clinical concerns.
71
What personality types did Adler outline
1) Choleric (ruling-dominant)
2) Phelgmatic (getting-leaning)
3) Melancholic (avoiding)
4) Sanguine (socially useful)
72
What is the choleric personality type like?
High in activity but low in social contribution (dominant)
73
What is the phlegmatic personality type like?
Low in activity and high in social contribution (dependent)
74
What is the melancholic personality type like?
Low in activity and low in social contribution (withdrawn)
75
What is the sanguine personality type like?
High in activity and high in social contribution (healthy)
76
The school of psychology that Carl Jung came up with is called...
Analytical Theory
77
Jung noted that the unconscious is divided into...
1) The personal unconscious
| 2) the collective unconscious
78
What are features of the personal unconscious
from ones own experiences and these can become conscious
79
Define collective unconscious
Inherited dynamics most commonly archetypes
80
What are 5 most commonly cited archetypes from Jung
1) Persona
2) Shadow
3) Anima
4) Animus
5) Self
81
Define "persona" in relation to archetypes
a person's outer mask and mediator to the external world
82
Define "shadow" in relation to archetypes
a person's dark side often projected onto others
83
Define "anima" in relation to archetypes
the female elements than a man posesses
84
Define "animus" in relation to archetypes
the male elements that a female posesses
85
Define "self" in relation to archetypes
the full individual's potential
86
According to Analytic Theory what results in mental health issues?
Signal that something is wrong in the makeup of the psyche, it provides clues as to how one could become more aware.
87
How does therapy work in Analytic Theory
unconscious material is explored through the analysis of an individual's dreams, artwork, and personal symbols.
88
What is the goal of analytic theory?
Use unconscious messages in order to become more aware and closer to full potential
89
What is the downside/criticism of analytical theory?
It is seen as too mystical or spiritual
90
Analytical theory posits that the primary motivation of individuals is what?
moving the psyche toward life and awareness
91
Define psyche
the mind in its totality, as distinguished from the physical organism, the soul or the very essence of life
92
The school of psychology founded by Carl Rodgers is...
Humanistic theory
93
Maslow is considered part of what school of psychology?
Humanistic theory
94
What are other names for humanistic theory?
person-centered theory
| Rogerian theory
95
According to humanistic theory what results in mental health issues?
a lack of congruence between their real selves and their self concept.
96
What are the 3 forces in psychotherapy?
1) Psychoanalysis
2) Behaviorism
3) Humanism
97
What are the characteristics of therapy in a humanistic theory?
Therapist is:
1) Non directive
2) Provides empathy
3) Provides unconditional positive regard
4) Act genuinely, in congruence with their feelings
98
What is the goal of humanistic therapy
provide a trusting atmosphere where a client can engage in self-directed growth including:
1) congruent self concept
2) positive self-regard
3) internal locus of evaluation
4) willingness to experience
99
What is the criticism of humanistic theory?
The belief that it can help with any psychological problem and thus lacked any use of diagnostic tools.
100
What does humanistic theory believe about people's motivation?
Actualizing tendency where people want to move out of conflict to fill their full potential.
101
What did George Kelly suggest about personality?
That personal constructs determine personality and behavior
102
Define personal construct
conscious ideas about the self, others, and situations
103
What is the order of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
```
Physiological needs
Safety Needs
Social Belonging
Esteem
Self-Actualization
```
104
Who were the originators of behavioral theory?
BF Skinner, Ivan Pavlov and Joseph Wolpe
105
How do behaviorists change maladaptive behavior?
Through new learning
106
Behavior theory is based on...
learning
107
What is radical behaviorism?
Radical behaviorism focuses on conditioning and the idea that behavior is only based on consequences.
108
What is neobehaviorism?
The idea that internal events such as cognition and emotion also impact behavior
109
Behaviorism feels that mental health issues are a result of...
learning maladaptive responses
110
Therapy using behavior therapy involves
short term, directed counter-conditioning techniques to foster the learning of new responses.
111
What are some behavioral therapy techniques?
```
1 - systematic desensitization
2 - flooding
3 - aversion therapy
4 - shaping
5 - modeling
6 - assertiveness training
7 - role playing
```
112
What is the purpose of systemic desensitization in human therapy with behavioral therapy?
To use classical conditioning to relieve anxiety.
113
What is another name for flooding?
implosive therapy
114
What is another name for implosive therapy?
flooding
115
Why might aversion therapy be used?
To treat addiction
116
What type of learning does modeling use?
Social learning
117
What conditions has behavior therapy been helpful in treating?
1) phobias
2) obsessive compulsive disorders
3) childhood disorders, especially bedwetting
118
What is the technical term for bed wetting?
enuresis
119
What is the major criticism of behavioral therapy?
That it treats the symptoms not the primary cause of the problem.
120
What was Neal Miller's contribution to psychology?
Proposed the 1) Drive, 2) Cue, 3) Response, 4) Reward cycle.
121
Who showed the behavioral explanation for displaced aggression?
Neal Miller and John Dollard
122
Who originated the social cognitive perspective?
Alburt Bandura and Walter Mischel
123
According to the social cognitive perspective what results in mental health issues?
Dysfunctional expectancies (expectations that either cannot or will not be fulfilled int he way desired)
124
How does therapy work from a social cognitive perspective?
Addresses faulty expectations but usually involves cognitive-behavioral therapy where maladaptive thoughts and behaviors are addressed.
125
What is the goal of therapy from a social cognitive framework?
To improve a person's perceived self-efficacy beliefs
126
What is a criticism of social-cognitive theory?
It is not a unified, systematic approach to studying personality.
127
What does the social cognitive perspective have to say about personality?
That it results from interactions between behaviors, conditions, and the environment.
128
Explain reciprocal determinism
instead of conceptualizing the environment as a one-way determinant of behavior, reciprocal determinism maintains that the environment influences behavior, behavior influences the environment, and both influence the individual, who also influences them.
129
Walter Mischel is best known for what experiment?
The mashmallow test
130
What did the marshmallow test study?
delay of gratification
131
What are recent criticisms of the marshmallow test?
That it may have to do more with socioeconomic status and food insecurity than attention and goal setting.
132
Who developed the terms internal and external locus of control?
Julian Rotter
133
Who coined the term learned helplessness?
Martin Seligman
134
Martin Seligman is considered part of what school of psychology?
Social cognitive perspective
135
The idea of locus of control is associated with what school of psychology?
Social cognitive perspective
136
Who is the originator of cognitive theory?
Aaron Beck
137
What is considered to cause mental health issues in Cognitive theory?
maladaptive cognitions
138
What are some maladaptive cognitions in cognitive theory?
1) arbitrary inference
2) overgeneralization
3) magnifying/minimizing
4) personalizing
5) dichotomous thinking (black/white thinking)
139
Define arbitrary inference
Drawing a conclusion without solid evidence
140
Define dichotomous thinking
black and white thinking, all-or-nothing thinking
141
Define personalizing (As it relates to cognitive theory)
inappropriately taking responsibility
142
what is the cognitive triad?
negative views about the self, the world, and the future
143
What does the Beck Depression Inventory measure?
the cognitive triad
144
What is the purpose of the Beck Depression Inventory?
It is used to gauge the severity of diagnosed depression
145
What is central to the idea of cognitive theory?
It is the way a person interprets experience (conscious thought patterns) rather than the experience itself (or ones emotions or behaviors) that are important.
146
How does therapy work in cognitive theory
1) Therapy is usually directed to help exposure and restructure maladaptive thoughts and reasoning.
2) It is usually short-term
3) It is focused on tangible evidence of the clients logic
147
What is the goal of cognitive theory therapy?
To correct maladative cognitions
148
What is the criticism of cognitive theory
Is thought to address the symptoms rather than the underlying cause (and thus is thought that it might not cure the problem.)
149
Who is the founder or rational-emotive behavioral therapy?
Albert Ellis
150
what does REBT stand for?
Rational-emotive behavioral therapy
151
What is the central idea of rational-emotive behavioral therapy?
That intertwined thoughts and feelings produce behavior
152
Rational-emotive behavior therapy combines elements of what other theories?
cognitive, behaviors, and emotion theory
153
According to Rational-emotive behavioral therapy, why does mental illness occur?
1) An activating event occurs
2) a client applies beliefs about the events
3) this leads to consequences of emotional disruptive
154
How does rational-emotive behavioral therapy work?
1) therapy is directive
| 2) the therapist helps the client to dispute the previously applied incorrect beliefs.
155
What is the ABCDE of rational-emotive behavior therapy
1) activating event,
2) beliefs
3) consequence (emotional disruption)
4) dispute (the beliefs to replace with)
5) effective (beliefs)
156
What is the goal of rational-emotive behavior therapy?
to replace self-defeating beliefs with effective rational beliefs, allowing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to co-exist.
157
What are criticisms of rational-emotive behavioral therapy
It is been called too sterile and mechanistic
158
Who are the originators of Gestalt Theory?
Fritz Perals, Max Wertheimer, and Kurt Koffka
159
What is the goal of Gestalt Theory?
Fully experience and perceive the present (separate from ones beliefs, biases, and attitudes which are based in the past) in order to become a whole and integrated person.
160
What causes mental illness according to Gestalt Theory?
disturbances of awareness that include 1) a lack of full experience (unacknowledgement) or a lack of insight (putting pieces together)
161
What does Gestalt therapy look like?
Engage in a dialogue about here and now experiences rather than talking about the past.
162
The goal of Gestalt therapy is?
exploration fo awareness and a full experiencing of the present.
163
What is criticism of Gestalt therapy?
Not suited for low-functioning or disturbed clients
164
What school of psychology did Victor Frankl start?
Existential theory
165
Who founded Existential theory?
Victor Frankl
166
The main two drives in existential theory are...
Being vs. nonbeing, meaningfulness vs. meaninglessness
167
What is considered the main cause of mental illness according to existential theory?
Meaninglessness leading to neurotic anxiety
168
What does existential therapy look like?
Deep questions related to the client's perception and meaning of existence are discussed
169
What is the goal of existential therapy?
To help clients understand how they are creating meaning in the world and to help them make different choices based on what gives life meaning.
170
What is the criticism of existential therapy?
It has been called too abstract for severely disturbed individudals
171
What are some types of phenomenological theories?
Existential theory
| Client-centered therapy
172
What is an phenomenological theory?
a type of personality theory or psychotherapy that places on the individuals self or experience at the center of analysis for how well their personality is functioning and/or what changes they should make.
173
Who is associated with the new school of trait theory?
Gordon Allport
174
what is the difference between ideographic and nomothetic approaches?
ideographic approaches focus first on a detailed characterization of an individual case and emphasize an individuals unique traits and responses.
nomothetic approaches aim to study large groups of people to uncover general and universally applicable laws which allow the rules that apply to "average cases" to then be applied back to individual cases.
175
approaches that focus on applying universal principles to individual cases are referred to as ___ approaches
nomothetic approaches
176
approaches that focus primarily on detailed characterization of individual cases and their uniqueness are referred to as ___ approaches
ideographic approaches
177
Define proprium
the sense of the self (that which is consistent, unique, and central to an individual) which includes
1) body sense,
2) self identity
3) self esteem
4) self-extension
5) rational thinking
6) self-image
7) propriate striving
8) knowing
178
What did Gordon Allport believe about the self (or proprium?)
It acted somewhat consistently based on traits it had developed through experience.
179
Define traits
relatively stable characeristics of behavior that a person exhibits.
180
How did Gordon Allport determine traits to assess when it came to individuals personalities?
using a lexical approach (picking words whose definitions fit a set of criteria out of the dictionary).
181
What was Allport's trait hierarchy?
1) Cardinal traits (rare and occur later in life, are known for this trait)
2) Central traits (qualities one possesses across situations)
3) Secondary traits (traits that appear only in particular situations)
182
Define states
states are temporary feelings or characteristics.
183
What is the difference between traits and states?
Traits are relatively enduring while states are generally temporary
184
Who turned the 5000 traits that Allport identified into a more limited set of bipolar traits?
Raymond Carttell
185
How many bipolar traits did Raymond Cattell identify?
16
186
What was Raymond Cattell's trait questionnarie called?
The 16PF questionnarie
187
The "Big 5" are descendants of what work?
The new school trait theory
188
The "Big 5" are known as what?
superfactors
189
Define superfactor
Major dimensions that seem to encompass all of personality.
190
What are the Big 5 personality traits?
```
O - openness to experiences
C - Conscientiousness
E - Extroversion/Introversion
A - Agreeableness
N - Neuroticism
```
191
Who did factor analysis to identify the underlying extraversion/introversion and stable-unstable traits?
Hans Eysenck
192
What are the quadrants across the E and N dimensions of the Big 5?
Sanguine (extroverted/stable)
Choleric (extroverted/neurotic)
Phelgmatic (Introverted/tstable)
Melancholic (introverted/unstable)
193
Who linked type A personality to heart disease?
Grant Dahlstrom
194
Who studied Type A personality?
Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman
195
What characterizes a Type A personality?
drive, competitiveness, aggressiveness, tensions and hostility. Most commonly found in middle to upper-class men.
196
What does the F-Scale measure?
Someone's disposition to authoritarianism
197
How does someone with an authoritarian disposition act?
Domineering when they are in charge, submissive if they are not. Conventional, aggressive, stereotyping, and anti-introspective.
198
What does "F-scale" an abbreviation for?
Fascism scale
199
What is the view of people with an authoritarian disposition?
That the world is full of power relationships.
200
The founder of ___ this school of psychological thinking is named ____ and was particularly critical of personality trait theory.
cognitive-experiential theory, Seymour Epstein
201
What is the term for our tendency to accept and agree with the personality interpretation that is provided.
The Barnum effect
202
After what age does personality seems to change very little
30
203
Who are the researchers that found that personality changes very little after a specific age?
Costa and McCrae
204
What are the different schools of thought about what determines ones personality?
Dispositionists (internal)
Situationists (external)
Interactionists (blend of both)
205
The behavioral school of psychology would fit into what classification when it comes to what determines ones personality?
Situationists
206
What is the consistency paradox?
The idea that people often act inconsistently, making it hard to claim that internal determination of behavior is central.
207
Who proposed the cognitive prototype approach?
Nancy Cantor & Walter Mischel
208
Which researcher critics showed that disposition could not be the complete explanation of personality?
Seymour Epstein and Walter Mischel
209
What school of psychology did Nancy Cantor propose?
The cognitive prototype approach
210
What does the cognitive prototype approach propose?
That consistency of behavior is the result of cognitive processes (esp. the formation and attention to prototypes) rather than personality traits.
211
Twin studies suggest that the heritability of personality is approximately how much?
40-50%
212
In what field is the nature-nurture debate most active?
In the field of gender differences
213
Who found that women's success is often attributed to luck while men's successes are attributed to skill?
Kay Deaux
214
When women differentially attribute their own successes to luck instead of skill, this self-directed bias may be interpreted as...
Low self esteem
215
Who studied androgyny?
Sandra Bem
216
What characteristics were found associated with androgyny?
Higher self esteem, lower anxiety, and more adaptability
217
Who suggested that females shunned masculine-type success because that success might have negative repercussions such as resentment or rejection?
Matina Horner
218
Matina Horner suggested that these were NOT the top reasons for women avoiding masculine-type success:
fear of failure or lack of interest
219
The two gender differences that seem to be least associated with social learning are:
Females greater verbal ability and males greater visual/spatial ability
220
Which researchers carefully looked at gender studies to examine which could be explained by social learning?
Carol Jacklin and Eleanor Maccoby
221
Assuming an individuals disposition based on their actions is known as a
implicit theory
222
define self-awareness
a state (not a trait) that is a temporary condition of being aware of how you are thinking, feeling, or what you are doing. (e.g. are animals self-aware?)
223
People are more self aware when they are surrounded by _______
Large mirrors
224
define self-monitoring
scrutinizing one's own behavior to act appropriately and if needed masking ones true feelings.
225
define self-consciousness (psychology)
a personality trait associated with the tendency to reflect on or think about oneself.
226
Define self-esteem
Knowing you are worthwhile and being in touch with your actual strengths
227
About how many people perceive themselves accurately?
50%
228
About how many people perceive themselves narcissistically
35%
229
Define narcissism
Believing you are better than you really are
230
Why might one self-handicap?
To self-defeat in order to dismiss or excuse ones failures
231
Individuals who have a great need for excitement/arousal are considered
stimulus-seeking
232
cognitive and behavioral therapy incorporates principles from which schools of psychology?
cognitive and behavioral theory
233
What is the benefit of play therapy?
Children may convey emotions, situations, or disturbances that might otherwise go unexpressed.
234
Shock therapy is otherwise known as
Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
235
ECT is effective in treating...
Severely depressed patients.
236
Who invented stress-inoculation training?
Donald Meichenbaum
237
What are the two best known personality tests?
The MMPI and CPI
238
What does MMPI stand for in personality?
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
239
What does CPI stand for in personality?
The California personality inventory
240
This presents people with ambiguous story cards and asserts that people will project their own needs onto the cards.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
241
Who invented the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)
Henry Murray
242
Define Clinical Psychology
study of the theory, assessment, and treatment of mental and emotional disorders
243
Define Applied Psychology
The branch of psychology that uses principles and research findings to try to solve people's problems.
244
What is the criticism against evidence based "medicine" for psychological treatment?
The idea that experimental conditions are not likely to completely mimic real life conditions and thus can never be completely applicable.
245
The use of medications to treat mental illness is known as
Psychopharmacology.
246
Medications are thought to be helpful to treat mental health disease because ___ may play a role in those diseases
biological factors
247
Most psychopharmacological treatments impact which type of biochemicals?
neurotransmitters
248
The most common neurotransmitters are in what class?
the monoamines
249
The 3 most common neurotransmitters are
Dopamine
Serotonoin
Norepinephrine
250
What are examples of anti-psychotics?
chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
| Haloperidol (Haldol)
251
What is the function of anti-psychotics?
To treat the delusions and hallucinations of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors and inhibiting dopamine production.
252
What class of drugs are generally used to treat the primary signs of schizophrenia?
anti-psychotics
253
What class of drugs are generally used to treat the primary signs of bipolar disorder?
mood stabilizers
254
What types of drugs fall into the class of mood stabilizers?
anti-psychotics, anti-convulsants, and lithium
255
How do anti-depressants tend to work?
By increasing the availability of neurotransmitters in the brain esp. serotonin, norepinephrine or dopamine.
256
What are three primary classes of anti-depressants?
TCAs (tricyclic antidepressants)
MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
SSRIS (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
257
What is an example of a tricyclic antidepressant
amitriptyline (Elavil)
258
What is an examine of an MAOI?
phenelzine (Nardil)
259
What are 3 examples of SSRIs?
fluoxetine (Prozac)
sertraline (Zoloft)
paroxetine (Paxil)
260
What is the most commonly prescribed class of anti-depressants (and why is this the case?)
The SSRIs because they tend to have fewer side effects.
261
What is the major problem with anxiolytics?
Their potential for abuse
262
What are the 2 functions of of anxiolytics?
To reduce anxiety and induce sleep
263
How do anxiolytics usually work?
By increasing the effectiveness of GABA (an inhibitory neurotransmitter).
264
What is a common class of anxiolytics
barbituates
265
What is a drug that can be used to counter condition alcoholics?
Antabuse
266
How does Antabuse work?
it changes the metabolism of alcohol so that when it is combined with alcohol it results in severe nausea and vomiting.
267
What is the goal of psychopharmacology?
To to provide relief from the symptoms of mental health disease.
268
What are the major critiques of psychopharmacologic approaches
1) They don't work on everyone and experimentation to see what works is often required.
2) Drugs alone may not work as well as psychotherapy or may work best in combo with psychotherapy.
3) Drugs may be habit forming, may cause side effects themselves, or withdrawal symptoms.
269
Who writes the DSM?
The American Psychiatric Association
270
What is the major diagnostic guide for the psychiatric profession?
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
271
When was the first DSM published?
In 1952
272
The latest DSM was published in what year?
2013
273
Define psychological disorders
Thoughts, feelings or behaviors not in keeping with social norms severe enough to cause personal distress and/or impairment to functioning.
274
How many major categories are there in the DSM?
20
275
What are the 20 major categories in the DSM
1. Neurodevelopmental disorders
2. Schizophernia Sepctrum and other Psychotic Disorders
3. Bipolar and Related Disorders
4. Depressive Disorders
5. Anxiety Disorders
6. Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders
7. Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders
8. Dissociative Disorders
9. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
10. Feeding and Eating Disorders
11. Elimination Disorders
12. Sleep-Wake Disorders
13. Sexual Dysfunctions
14. Paraphilic Disorders
15. Gender Dysphoria
16. Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
17. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
18. Neurocognitive Disorders
19. Personality Disorders.
20. Other
276
Autism spectrum disorders fit under what classification in the DSM-5?
Neurodevelopmental disorders
277
What does ADHD stand for?
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
278
ADHD fits under what classification in the DSM-5?
Neurodevelopmental disorders
279
What is the subcategory and category something like Tourette's would fit into in the DSM-5?
Tic Disorder > Neurodevelopmental Disorders
280
What are major subcategories of neurodevelopmental disorders in the DSM-5?
1. Intellectual disability
2. Learning disorders
3. Autism spectrum disorder
4. ADHD
5. Tic Disorders
6. Motor skills disorder
7. Communication disorders
281
How does the DSM-5 define intellectual disability differently than in other previous versions?
Cut-offs are not tied to specific IQ scores but rather to specific adaptive functioning deficits.
282
To be considered to have a learning disorder one generally has school achievement or standardized testing scores at what level?
2 standard deviations below the mean for appropriate age and IQ.
283
How is ADHD most commonly treated?
With stimulants such as Ritalin and Adderall.
284
What are key characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorders?
severe problems with social skills, communication, and interests.
285
What are key signs of ADHD?
problems with attention, behavior, and impulsivity
286
What are signs of neurodevelopmental communication disorders?
pervasive problems acquiring language across modalities, using language socially, or speaking intelligibly or fluently.
287
What defines the psychotic disorders?
Hallucinations or delusions
288
What was the previous terminology for schizophrenia
dementia praecox
289
Who gave schizophrenia its new name?
Eugene Bleuler
290
What is the "split" that the schizo in schizophrenia refers to?
A split from reality
291
What is the difference between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Positive symptoms are signs that are abnormal in their presence.
Negative symptoms are signs that are abnormal in their absence.
292
What are some positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
1) delusions
2) perception hallucinations
3) nonsensical or disorganized speech (sometimes including made-up words = neologisms)
4) disorganized behavior
293
Define "delusions"
erroneous or distorted thinking
294
What might negative symptoms of schizophrenia look like?
1) flat affect
2) avolution
2) restricted thought, speech, behavior
295
What are two ways that schizophrenia can occur?
Either suddenly in response to a particular event (reactive schizophrenia) or gradually over time (process schizophrenia)
296
When does schizophrenia usually onset?
In late adolescence and the mid-30s.
297
What are positive prognostic factors for schizophrenia?
1) Reactive schizophrenia
| 2) History of strong social and interpersonal skills
298
What is the name of the theory that says schizophrenia occurs due to abnormal brain chemistry + stress?
Diathesis-stress theory
299
What does the diathesis-stress theory state?
That schizophrenia occurs as a result of physiological predisposition and an external stressor.
300
Schizophrenia appears to be associated most with what biochemical change?
Excessive dopamine
301
If you have a 1st degree relative with schizophrenia what is your risk of developing the disorder (vs. the population at large)
10% vs. 1%
302
When schizophrenic symptoms accompany a depressive episode then you have...
Schizoaffective disorder
303
A delusion that another person is in love with the individual is called...
erotomanic
304
A delusion that you have a special talent or status is
grandiose
305
Types of delusions include
```
Erotomanic
Grandiose
Jealousy
Persecutory
Somatic
```
306
Somatic delusion may include
that a part of the body is ugly or misshapen
307
What are types of Psychotic disorders?
1) Schizophrenia
2) Schizoaffective disorder
3) delusional or manic disorder
4) Brief psychotic disorder
5) schizophreniform disorder
308
What characterizes brief psychotic disorder?
sudden onset of psychotic symptoms lasting less than one month followed by remission.
309
What differentiates Schizophreniform disorder from Schizophrenia?
usually between 1-6 months in duration
310
What is the difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II
In Bipolar I there is extreme mania and major depression, In Bipolar II the mania is less severe (hypomania)
311
The mania of Bipolar II is referred to as
hypomania
312
What is a disorder related to bipolar disorder?
cyclothymic disorder
313
What defines cyclothymic disorder?
Mood swings similar to bipolar with less severe symptoms and occur with regularity over at least 2 years.
314
What are some of the signs/symptoms of a depressive episode?
1) depressed mood
2) loss of usual interests
3) changes in weight or sleep
4) low energy
5) feelings of worthlessness
6) thought of hopelessness
Present nearly every day for at least 2 weeks.
315
Is major depressive disorder more common in males or females?
Twice more common in females than males
316
What is another name for persistent depressive disorder?
dysthymia
317
What is another name for dysthymia?
persistent depressive disorder
318
What are the signs of persistent depressive disorder?
Signs of major depressive disorder that are present for more days than not fore more than 2 years, but there is never an actual depressive episode.
319
General anxiety disorder is usually treated with
anxiolytics
320
Specific anxiety disorders are usually treated with
behavior therapies that change response to the anxiety inducing stimulus
321
What defines a panic attack
1) Occurs over a discrete period of time (usually <10 min)
2) Overwhelming feelings of danger or the need to escape (fear of dying or going crazy)
3) Can be accompanied by physical signs such as sweating, trembling, pounding heart, and more.
322
What is a component of many types of anxiety disorders?
The panic attack
323
What defines panic disorder?
recurrent panic attacks and persistent worry about another attack.
324
Panic disorder is often accompanied by what actual physical health disorder?
mitral valve problems.
325
Define agoraphobia
Where panic may arise and escape would be difficult (often fear of being away from home or in crowds)
326
Define phobia
a persistent and irrational fear of a specific situation, object, or activity (e.g., heights, dogs, water, blood, driving, flying), which is consequently either strenuously avoided or endured with marked distress
327
What are the 5 types of specific phobias defined by the DSM?
1) animal type
2) natural environment type
3) blood-injection-injury type
4) situational type
5) other type
328
What are the anxiety disorders?
1) panic disorder
2) agoraphobia
3) phobia (and specific phobia)
4) social anxiety disorder
5) generalized anxiety disorder
329
What outlines social anxiety disorder
Fear of social situations usually resulting in avoidance behavior
330
What defines generalized anxiety disorder?
excessive anxiety without specific cause that occurs on more days than not for a period of at least 6 months.
331
What are the obsessive-compulsion related disorders?
1) body dysmorphic disorder
2) hoarding disorder
3) Trichotillomania
4) excoriation disorder
332
A unrealistic sense of ones body - seeing flaws or defects that are not really there is called...
Body dysmorphic disorder
333
What OCD related disorder often accompanies the eating disorders?
Body dysmorphic disorder
334
What disorder involves picking at the skin?
Excoriation disorder
335
What disorder involves compulsively pulling at or twirling the hair?
Trichotillomania
336
What are the trauma and stressor related disorders?
1) PTSD
2) Acute stress disorder
3) Adjustment disorder
337
What defines PTSD?
Decreased ability to function and recurrent thoughts and anxiety about the trauma.
338
When PTSD type signs have been present for less than a month this is called...
Acute stress disorder
339
Define Adjustment Disorder
A greater response than one might normally expect under the circumstances from a trauma or stressor and have been going on for up to three months.
340
What are the dissociative disorders?
1) Dissociative amnesia
2) Depersonalization/derealization disorder
3) Dissociative identity disorder
341
What defines the dissociative disorders?
disruption of memory or identity
342
The dissociative disorders used to be called...
the psychogenic disorders
343
The psychogenic disorders are now known as...
the dissociative disorders
344
Multiple personality disorder fits into what class of the DSM?
The dissociative disorders NOT the schizophrenic disorders
345
What defines dissociative amnesia?
Inability to recall specific biographical information due to a trauma or stressor beyond normal forgetting (usually occurs along-side a trauma or stressor related disorder)
346
What defines depersonalization/derealization disorder?
An altered sense of onesself or ones surroundings such as a feeling of being detached from one's body or the environment that is not related to another disorder.
347
Multiple personality disorder is now known as...
dissociative identity disorder
348
What are the disorders related to somatic symptom disorder?
1) conversion disorder
2) illness anxiety disorder
3) somatic symptom disorder
3) factitious disorder
349
Munchausen or Munchausen by proxy is now known as
Factitious disorder
350
What defines the somatic symptom and related disorders?
manifest as physical or bodily symptoms that cause reduced functioning?
351
Define conversion disorder
psychological problems are converted to bodily symptoms especially of voluntary movement.
352
What was formerly known as "hysteria" is now known as
conversion disorder
353
Hypochondriasis is now known as...
illness anxiety disorder
354
What defines illness anxiety disorder?
A preoccupation with the possibility of getting sick despite minimal or no symptoms.
355
What defines somatic symptom disorder?
A person focusing on physical symptoms to the point where excessive thoughts, feelings or behaviors interfere with functioning.
356
What are the feeding and eating disorders?
1) Anorexia nervosa
2) Bulimia nervosa
3) Binge eating disorder
4) Pica
357
What defines anorexia nervosa?
refusing to eat enough to maintain a healthy body weight, showing excessive concern about becoming obese
358
What defines bulimia nervosa
binge eating accompanied by harmful ways to prevent gain (such as induced vomiting or laxative)
359
What defines binge-eating disorder?
consumption of large amounts of food and a sense of lack of control over this eating behavior.
360
What is the primary elimination disorder covered by psychology?
nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting)
361
How are the elimination disorders generally treated?
By behavioral modification
362
What are the major class of sleep-wake disorders?
1) dyssomnias
| 2) parasomnias
363
what defines the dyssomnias?
issues involving the quality of quantity of sleep
364
what defines the parasomnias?
abnormal behaviors during sleep
365
What are the dyssomnias?
1) insomnia
2) hypersomnolence disorder
3) narcolepsy
4) breathing-related sleep disorders
366
What are the parasomnias?
1) nightmare disorder
2) sleep terror
3) sleepwalking
367
What defines insomnia?
difficulty falling or staying asleep
368
Excessive sleepiness is called this disorder
hypersomnolence disorder
369
What defines narcolepsy?
Falling asleep uncontrollably during routine daily activity
370
Define breathing-related sleep disorders?
Problems with breathing during sleep that result in repeated awakenings during the night.
371
What is the difference between nightmare disorder and sleep terror?
frequent disruption of sleep because of nightmares vs. because of screaming or crying.
372
The sexual dysfunctions may involve problems with which of the following:
1) Pain during sex
2) loss of interest in sex
3) inability to achieve orgasm
373
Gender dysphoria used to be known as
gender identity disorder
374
Why was the name of gender identity disorder changed?
To emphasize that identifying with another gender is only a problem if the individual experiences persistent and pervasive distress as a result.
375
Treatment of gender dysphoria generally involves what?
Coping with the negative feelings involved not on changing the person's gender identity.
376
What are some of the disruptive, impulse-control, or conduct disorders?
1) Kleptomania
2) Pyromania
3) Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder
377
What defines the disruptive, impulse-control, or conduct behaviors?
A irresistible urge dictates behavior, giving into the impulse lessens tension and brings relief but the behavior is disruptive to normal functioning.
378
Patterns of behaviors that violate rules, norms, or the rights of others may be which disorders?
Oppositional defiant disorder
| Conduct disorder
379
In addition to substance disorders what is the other type of addictive disorder?
Gambling disorder
380
Define delirium
disturbed consciousness and cognition (problems with awareness, attention, focus, and memory; disorientation)
381
What are the neurocognitive disorders?
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
Huntington's disease
Major or mild frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder
382
What kind of things might decline with neurocognitive disorders
```
Memory
Learning
Spatial tasks
Language
Executive function
Complex attention
Motor or Social Cognition
```
383
In addition to neurocognitive decline what also characterizes Parkinsons?
tremors
384
In addition to neurocognitive decline what also characterizes Huntington's disease?
It's progressive and genetically linked
385
Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder was previously known as...
Pick's disease
386
What characterizes frontotemporal neurocogntive disorder
changes in personality
387
How many clusters of personality disorders are there?
3 (A, B, and C)
388
What characterizes the personality disorders?
Rigid, pervasive culturally maladaptive personality structures usually not diagnosed in children.
389
What are the cluster A personality disorders?
Paranoid personality disorder
Schizoid personality disorder
Schizotypal personality disorder
390
What characterizes paranoid personality disorer?
Distrust and suspicion
391
What characterizes schizoid personality disorder?
Detachment and a small range of emotions
392
What characterizes schizotypal personality disorder
Eccentricity and distorted reality
393
What is the difference between shizoid and shizotypal personality disorders?
Shizoid - detachment and small range of emotions (turned down), shizotypal - eccentricity and distorted reality (turned up)
394
What are the type B personality disorders?
Antisocial personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
395
Define antisocial personality disorder
absence of guilt and disregard for the rights of others
396
Define borderline personality disorder
instability in relationships and emotions, impulsivity
397
define histrionic personality disorder
excess emotion, attention seeking
398
Narcissistic personality disorder
need for admiration idea of superiority
399
What characterizes the cluster A personality disorders
odd or eccentric behavior
400
What characterizes the cluster B personality disorders?
dramatic or erratic behavior
401
What characterizes the cluster C personality disorders?
anxious or fearful behavior?
402
What are the cluster C personality disorders?
Avoidant personality disorder
Dependent personality disorder
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
403
Define avoidant personality disorder
social inhibitions, hypersensitivity, perceptions of inadequacy
404
Define dependent personality disorder
need to be taken care of, clinging
405
Define obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
excessive orderliness and control, perfectionism
406
What are the paraphilic disorders
Pedophilic disorder
Exhibitionist disorder
Sexual sadism disorder
407
Define pedophilic disroder
Attraction to prepubescent children
408
Define exhibitionistic disorder
desire to expose oneself to an unsuspecting person
409
Define sexual sadism disorder
Sexual gratification derived from the physical pain of another
410
Statistically what kind of psychopathology are men more likely to have?
Substance abuse, disorders of impulse control and antisocial behavior.
411
Statistically what kind of psychopathology are women more likely to have?
Depression and anxiety disorders
412
The psychopathological differences between men and women are thought to be related to...
Differences in locus of control (external vs. internal)
| Response to negative emotions (implode vs. explode)
413
How many therapeutic responses to men and women differ?
Men - plan responses reinforcing non-destructive behavioral patterns
Women - reducing and defeating negative thoughts
414
What defines serious mental illness
a psychological disorder that substantially impairs individual functioning and disrupts one or more major life activities
415
What groups report the highest rates of mental illness?
1. multiracial
2. white
3. native americans
4. native hawaiians
5. african americans
6. hispanic/latino americans
416
which racial group reports the lowest rates of mental illness
asian americans
417
What age group is more likely to be associated with serious mental illness?
Those in their late teens and early 20s
418
Which age group is least likely to report a serious mental illness
adults over 50
419
Are men or women more likely to be diagnosed with a serious mental illness?
Women
420
Reported rates of mental illness may be linked to...
stigmatization and likelihood of seeking care (or not)
421
What is a major challenge of diagnosing and treating psychologic disease in a diverse country?
Psychologic disease is often defined based on cultural norms which can make it eurocentrically biased in the US.
422
Define community psychology
psychology is taken into the community via community centers or schools as opposed to having individuals come to the clinics and universities, focuses on the logistics that stops the neediest individuals from seeking help.
423
What is it important for clincians to have cultural competence?
Make sure that diagnosis and treatment is tailored to the cultural norms and needs of an individual's cultural context.
424
Define health psychology
how psychological factors impact physical health including:
1) how maladaptive behaviors cause disease
2) how psychological traits can prevent illness and facilitate recovery
3) the relationship between stress and health
4) the psychological impacts of physical ailments (esp. terminal illness) and how to cope with them.
5) large scale public health implementation
425
How did health psychology change the DSM 5?
it reduced the distinction between medical and psychological disorders
426
What is the term that refers to the combined mental, social, and physical determinants of health?
the biosocial model
427
When was the APA founded and by who?
1892 by Stanley Hall
428
What is the purpose of the APA
to promote the advancement, communication and application of psychological science and knowledge to benefit society and improve lives
429
What does APA stand for?
American Psychology Association
430
What are the publications of the APA?
```
The American Psychologist (official journal) 9 times a year
Psychological Bulletin (monthly)
```
431
What type of content makes it into American Psychologist?
Theoretical, archival, current issue, practical articles
432
What type of content makes it into the Psychological Bulletin?
literature and quantitative reviews
