Developmental (12-14%) Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
What is developmental psychology?
A
changes and transitions that follow physical growth and maturation
2
Q
what is the study of animal behavior called?
A
ethology
3
Q
Which three major thinkers in ethnology shared the nobel prize in 1973?
A
Konrad Lorenz
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Karl von Frisch
4
Q
Who was the founder of ethology?
A
Konrad Lorenz
5
Q
What are the three areas of research Konrad Lorenz is best known for?
A
1) Imprinting
2) Animal Aggression
3) Releasing stimuli
6
Q
What are some of the characteristics common to imprinting
A
1) Young attach to the first moving object they see after birth.
2) Most commonly displayed by a following response
3) Imprinting is subject a sensitive period (after which imprinting does not occur)
7
Q
What did Konrad Lorenz say about aggression?
A
That aggressive behavior is instinctual rather than learned and that even human human intraspecies aggression can be explained through survival needs.
8
Q
What are two other words for releasing stimuli
A
releasers, sign stimuli
9
Q
What do releasing stimuli do?
A
A stimuli that elicits a fixed action pattern.
10
Q
Generally defined, what is a fixed action pattern?
A
An automatic, instinctual chain of behaviors that occur after an individual encounters a releasing stimuli.
11
Q
What are the 4 attributes of a fixed action pattern?
A
1) They are uniform,
2) They are performed by most members of the species
3) They are more complex than simple reflexes
4) Cannot be interrupted
12
Q
Who continued Konrad Lorenz’s work on releasing stimuli?
A
Nikolaas Tinbergen
13
Q
Who studied sickleback fishes fixed action patterns?
A
Nikolaas Tinbergen
14
Q
Who studied herring gull chicks fixed action patterns?
A
Nikolaas Tinbergen
15
Q
What is Nikolaas Tinbergen known for?
A
Studying models in natural settings
16
Q
What is the releasing stimuli for sickleback fish?
A
Their red belly
17
Q
What is the releasing stimuli for the herring gull chickens?
A
The red spot on their bill
18
Q
The studying of the herring gull chicks also highlighted what concept about sign stimuli?
A
Supernormal sign stimuli (a high contrast bill and red spot)
19
Q
Who discovered the dance of honeybees?
A
Karl von Frisch
20
Q
Karl von Frisch is best known for studying what two things?
A
The dance of honeybees and the senses of fish
21
Q
Who coined the term fight or flight?
A
Walter Cannon
22
Q
Who proposed the idea of homeostasis?
A
Walter Cannon
23
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
The internal regulation of a body to maintain equilibrium
24
Q
Walter Cannon is best known for proposing what two ideas?
A
Fight or Flight
Homeostasis
25
Define haploid vs. diploid
haploid cells (mostly gametes like sperm and ovum) contain a single set of chromosomes (23 in humans) versus diploid cells (almost all other cells) contain two sets of chromosomes.
26
the fertilized egg cell is called the
zygote
27
define genotype
the total of all genetic material that the offspring receives
28
define allele
an alternate form of a gene that occupies a given position on each of a pair of homologous chromosomes
29
define genetic drift
the way particular genotypes are selected out or completely eliminated from a population over time
30
why is natural selection thought to occur?
there are more animals born than will survive to maturity, individuals best suited to the environment and to reproduction are most likely to pass on their genes.
31
what two factors make up evolutionary "fitness"?
1) ability to survive
| 2) ability to reproduce
32
define inclusive fitness
animals are invested not only in the survival of their own genes, but in the genes of their kin.
33
Taking care of offspring, some forms of prosocial behavior, and sounding alarm calls are explained by
kin selection
34
What 3 factors help define innate or instinctual behaviors?
1) present in all normal members of a species
2) stereotyped throughout the members of a species, even when performed for the first time
3) independent of learning or experience
35
A behavior may be instinctual and yet _____ of that behavior may be learned.
the performance (can they perform it WELL)
36
define altruism
behavior that solely benefits another
37
In what ways is altruism compatible with natural selection?
Reciprocal altruism, or if the benefit to the group outweighs the cost
38
What is the purpose of courting behaviors?
To attract a mate and isolating a male of the appropriate species
39
What is the period during which the female of a species is sexually receptive called?
Estrus
40
Does natural selection select for or against inbreeding?
Against
41
Define evolutionary mimicry
A evolved form of deception
42
What is instinctual drift?
When a trained for forced response is replaced with a natural or instinctive response
43
What organ detects pheromones?
The vomeronasal organ
44
What are pheromones?
Chemicals used for communicatino
45
What is the mechanism that prevents interbreeding between different species called?
Reproductive isolating mechanisms
46
What are the 4 reproductive isolating mechanisms?
1) Behavioral isolation
2) Geographic isolation
3) Mechanical isolation
4) Isolation by season
47
How does behavioral reproductive isolation work?
display or courtship behavior allows organisms to identify mates within their own species. Only members of a specific species will recognize the courtship behavior.
48
How does geographic reproductive isolation work?
Different species breed in different areas
49
How does mechanical reproductive isolation work?
incompatible genital structures make interbreeding difficult to impossible.
50
How does reproductive isolation by season work?
Potentially compatible species mate during different seasons.
51
How does sexual selection differ from natural selection?
It focuses on which individuals are most likely to be chosen as a mate, rather than those who are most likely to survive.
52
What is the term that refers to the structural differences between the sexes?
Sexual dimorphism
53
When the behavior of different species is compared this is referred to as...
Comparative psychology
54
What honeybee dance indicates that food is nearby? Which that food is farther away?
Round dance = food extremely nearby
| Waggle dance = food is far away
55
How do elements of a honey bees waggle dance correlate with the location of food
1) The longer the dance, the farther away it is
2) The more vigorous the displace, the better the food
3) The angle of the dance against a vertical indicates the angle between the sun and the food source.
56
The waggle dance is not only used by honeybees to communicate about food sources but also about ...
Potential nesting sites
57
What do bees use as navigational tools?
1) the sun
2) landmarks
3) polarized light
4) magnetic fields
58
When does the queen bee lay eggs?
In the spring
59
Does a queen bee stay in her hive forever?
No, she leaves each brooding season for a new hive site while a new queen takes over.
60
What is one major factors that remains unknown about honey bees?
How they know to return to the same mating site each year even though no bees survive year to year.
61
The markers that are visible to honeybees on certain flowers in the spectrum of ultraviolent light are called...
honeyguides
62
What is involved in "map and compass" navigation?
A combined use of landmarks with navigational tools like the sun or stars
63
What is an indicator of "true" navigation
An animal can find their goal from any position and without any landmarks (so even if they are displaced from their original location, they can still find their way)
64
What navigational cues may serve as compasses for animals?
1) atmospheric pressure (pigeons)
2) infrasound, ie low frequency sounds from surf (pigeons)
3) magnetic senses (pigeons, bees)
4) the sun (pigeons and bees)
5) stars (many birds)
6) polarized light (bees)
65
How do owls navigate at night?
They have hearing that is better at determining the elevation of a sound because of the assymetry of their ears.
66
Who did the studies with developmental isolation and comfort in rhesus monkeys?
Harry Harlow
67
Monkeys raised is social isolation had what resulted in what changes to normal social behaviors?
A lack of normal sexual functioning and maternal behaviors
68
Who showed the heritability of behavior through rats ability to do mazes?
R.C. Tyron
69
Who showed the interaction of environment and heritability with rat's ability to do mazes?
RM Cooper and John Zubek
70
How was it shown that environment mattered when it came to the heritably "maze bright" and "maze dull" rats?
The difference only existed when they were both raised under normal conditions. Under enriched conditions both performed well, under deprived conditions both performed poorly.
71
What are the three states of human gestation
1. The germinal stage
2. the embryonic stage
3. the fetal stage
72
Describe the germinal stage of gestation
1. Zygote moves moves into and implants onto the uterus
2. Lasts 2 weeks
3. Grows into 64 cells
73
Describe the embryonic state of gestation
Lasts until the 2nd month of gestation and mostly consists of organ formation
74
Describe the fetal state of gestation
Quantitative growth and the beginnings of movement occur at this time
75
At what point in gestation does sexual differentiation begin?
At 6 weeks where the presence of H-Y antigen causes testes to form.
76
Aside from gonads, when does the rest of the reproductive tract form during gestational development?
About 3 months after conception based on the presence or absence of testosterone.
77
What are the most common neonatal reflexes?
1) The sucking reflex
2) The head turning reflex (stroking the baby's cheek)
3) Moro reflex (throwing out arms and legs when frightened)
4) Babinski reflex
5) Palmar reflex (grabbing things)
78
Most of a neonatal baby's behaviors are triggered by what?
Reflexes
79
What defines the adolescent developmental stage?
When the pituitary and adrenal glands start secreting hormones that result in the emergence of a growth spurt and secondary sex characteristics.
80
What types of studies are used to evaluate the influence of nature versus nuture?
Twin studies
81
Based on the results of twin studies does people's behavior seem to be a result of nature or nuture?
Both
82
Who is perhaps the most central psychologist in the field of children's developmental psychology?
Jean Piaget
83
What was Jean's Piaget's main premise about how the mind changes over time?
there is an interaction between internal maturation and external experience. ADAPTATION occurs as a result of assimilation and accomodation.
84
Define the assimilation of new information
fitting new information into existing ideas
85
Define the accommodation of new information
the modification of cognitive schemata to incorporate new information
86
What were the four cognitive developmental stages defined by Piaget?
1) Sensorimotor
2) Preoperational
3) Concrete Operational
4) Formal Operational
87
What are the substages of Piaget's sensorimotor stage?
1) reflexive behaviors cued by sensations
2) circular reactions
3) object permanence
3) representation
88
What are circular reactions?
repeated behavior intended to manipulate the environment
89
What is the general time frame of the sensorimotor stage?
0-2 years of age
90
Define representation as it concerns developmental psychology
visualizing or putting words to objects
91
What is the general time frame for the preoperational stage?
2-7 years of age
92
What are the characteristics of the preoperational stage?
1) Egocentric understanding
2) Rapidly acquiring words as symbols for things
3) Inability to perform mental operations such as causality or the true understanding of quantity
93
What is the general time frame for the concrete operational stage?
7-12 years of age
94
What are the characteristics of the concrete operational stage?
Understanding concrete relationships such as quantity and simple math, development of the idea of conservation
95
Define conservation as it relates to developmental psychology
the ability to conceive that things can change in shape without changing in volume.
96
What is the general time frame for the formal operational stage?
12+ years of age
97
What are the characteristics of the formal operational stage?
Understanding of abstract relationships such as logic, ratios, and values
98
Who showed that piaget likely underestimated preschoolers ability to understand quantity?
Rochel Gelman
99
What are the three moral developmental stages hypothesized by Piaget?
1) imitates rule following behavior and does not question acceptance of rules (4-7)
2) understands rules and follows them (7-11 years)
3) applies abstract thinking to rules; can change rules if all parties agree (12+ years)
100
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
The physiologic responses to situations precede the emotions that we feel as a result of those responses.
101
What theory of emotion postulates that physical reactions precede emotions?
The James-Lange Theory of emotion
102
What theory of emotions postulates that physical reactions and emotions occur simultaneously?
The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
103
The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion is also known as the
Emergency Theory
104
The emergency theory is also known as the
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
105
What theory of emotions postulates that cognition provides emotional context to the physiologic reactions we are experiencing?
The cognitive theory of emotion
106
Who proposed the cognitive theory of emotion
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
107
What did "fixation" mean in reference to Freud's theories?
Getting stuck in a developmental stage of personality and not being able to move on from that stage as a result of parental over-indulgence.
108
What did "regression" mean in reference to Freud's theories?
Return to an earlier developmental personality stage as a result of life stressors.
109
Freud saw the fundamental driving force behind human development as...
sexual / sexual gratification / biological needs
110
Each stage of Freud's proposal for personality development was focused around a particular...
erogenous zone
111
What were Freud's stages of personality development?
1) Oral (0-1)
2) Anal (1-3)
3) Phallic (3-6)
4) Latency (6-12)
5) Genital (12+)
112
What is associated with fixation in the oral stage according to Freud?
Oral aggression (verbal abuse) or passivity (smoking, overeating)
113
According to Freud what resulted in the successful resolution of the oral stage?
Weaning
114
According to Freud what behaviors are associated with development during the oral stage?
Sucking, chewing, eating, biting, vocalizing
115
According to Freud, what behaviors are associated with development during the anal stage?
Bladder and bowel control
116
According to Freud, what resulted in the successful resolution of the anal stage?
Toilet Training
117
According to Freud, what was associated with fixation in the anal stage?
Anal retention (being overly neat and tidy) or anal explusion (being disorganized)
118
According to Freud, what behaviors are associated with development during the phallic stage?
Genitals, oedipus or electra complex
119
According to Freud, what resulted in the successful resolution of the anal stage?
Gender identification
120
According to Freud, what was associated with fixation in the phallic stage?
Difficulty with intimate relationships
121
According to Freud what behaviors are associated with development during the latency stage?
None (sexual feelings are dormant during this period)
122
According to Freud what behaviors result in the successful resolution of the latency stage?
Social interaction
123
According to Freud what was associated with fixation in the latency stage?
Arrested development
124
According to Freud, what behaviors are associated with development during the genital phase?
Interest in other people's genitals (reproduction and pleasure)
125
According to Freud, what results in successful resolution of the genital phase
Intimate relationships
126
According to Freud, what is associated with fixation in the genital stage?
Fixation in prior stage could result in sexual and intimacy issues.
127
What is the Heinz dilemma
If a man's wife is dying should the man steal the medication or let his wife die?
128
Who created the best known theory of moral development?
Lawrence Kohlberg
129
What are the three stages of Kohlberg's moral development?
1) preconventional/premoral
2) conventional/morality of conformity
3) postconventional/morality of self-accepted principles
130
What is the understanding of morals during the preconventional/premoral stage?
Avoid punishment and should gain rewards (if I steal I'll get in trouble)
131
What is the understanding of morals at the conventiona/morality of conformity stage
should gain approval, should follow the law and authority (stealing is against the law)
132
what is the understanding or morals during the postconventional/morality of self-accepted principles stage?
focus on rights and social welfare over black and white of laws, make decisions based on abstract ethical principles (it is unjust that money is a obstacle to life, it is ethical that I save my wife)
133
Who proposed that women's morality is more focused on compassion and that Kohlberg's morality was male biased?
Carol Gilligan
134
What is Erik Erikson known for?
A development scheme that 1) involves the whole lifespan and 2) looks at each stage as having a psychosocial conflict to resolve
135
What are the stages of Erik Erikson's Life Span Development?
```
Infancy = Trust vs. Mistrust
Early Childhood = Autonomy vs. Shame
Preschool = Initiative vs. Guilt
School Age = Industry vs. Inferiority
Adolescence = Identity vs. Role Confusion
Young Adulthood = Intimacy vs. Isolation
Middle Age = Generatively vs. Stagnation
Later Life = Integrity vs. Despair
```
136
In Erik Erikson's life span model what does trust/mistrust signify?
Trust = infant's needs are met, mistrust = infant's needs are not met
137
In Erik Erikson's life span model what does autonomy vs. shame signify?
Autonomy: Children learn self-control
Shame: Children remain dependent
138
In Erik Erikson's life span model what does initiative vs. guilt signify?
Initiative: Children achieve purpose
Guilt: Children are thwarted in efforts
139
In Erik Erikson's life span model what does industry vs. inferiority signify?
Industry: Children gain competence
Inferiority: Children feel incompetent
140
In Erik Erikson's life span model what does identity vs. role confusion signify?
Identity: Adolescents learn sense of self
| Role Confusion: Absolescents lack own identity
141
In Erik Erikson's life span model what does intimacy vs. isolation signify?
Intimacy: develop mature relationships
Isolation: Unable to create social ties
142
In Erik Erikson's life span model what does generativity vs. stagnation signify?
Generativity: Contributing to society/others
Stagnation: Feel life is meaningless
143
In Erik Erikson's life span model what does integrity vs. despair signify?
Integrity: develop wisdom, Despair: feel unaccomplished
144
Who was the founder of attachment theory?
John Bowlby
145
What did Bowlby propose about attachment?
That humans are wired to attach to a primary caregiver and engage in behaviors that produce nurturing feelings, early separations can result in psychopathology.
146
Who invented the "strange situation" attachment study?
Mary Ainsworth
147
Who proposed the different attachment styles?
Mary Ainsworth
148
What were the four attachment styles that Mary Ainsworth discovered?
1) Secure
2) Avoidant
3) Ambivalent/resistant
4) Disorganized
149
How do ambivalent/resistant infants react when during the strange situation test?
highly distressed during stranger and maternal separation, refuse to interact when mothers return.
150
How do securely attached infants react during the strange situation test?
Happy and explorative, comforted by mothers when a stranger approached, distressed when separated from them, and interacted with them when they returned.
151
How do avoidant attached infants react during the strange situation test?
Little responsiveness during all stages.
152
What is theorized about meeting the needs of infants with different attachment styles
1) Secure - needs met
2) Avoidant - unresponsive to needs
3) Ambivalent/resistant - needs erratically met
4) Disorganized - neglect or abuse from caregiver
153
How do disorganized attached infants react during the strange situation test?
Their response when toddler does not engage in coherent or consistent behavior during the reunion (may freeze or run away).
154
Who studied the relationship between personality and parenting style?
Diana Baurind
155
What are the characteristics of authoritarian parents
demanding, unaffectionate, strict
156
What are the personality characteristics of children with authoritarian parents?
withdrawn and unhappy
157
What are the characteristics of permissive parents?
affectionate, not strict
158
What are the personality characteristics of children with permissive parents?
happy, but lacking in self control and self reliance
159
What are the characteristics of authoritative parents?
Affectionate, firm but fair
160
What are the personality characteristics of children with authoritative parents?
self-reliant, self-confident, assertive, friendly, happy, high-functioning.
161
Who did a study to show that emotions could be conditioned in people?
John B. Watson
162
How did Watson show emotions could be conditioned in people?
By scaring a little boy with a loud noise every time a white rat was near, resulting in fear in the boy even in the absence of the noise.
163
The experiment with the little boy being scared of the rat was called the...
"Little albert" experiment
164
The behaviorism approach to development assumes what?
1) that people are a tabula rasa or blank slate molded by the environment and parents
2) Human beings can be conditioned to adopt all sorts of traits, dispositions, cognitions, and over behaviors through conditioning.
165
Who introduced maturational developmental theory?
Arnold Gesell
166
Which developmental model that integrates both nature and nuture is widely used today?
Maturational developmental theory
167
Maturational developmental theory posits that there are what 4 aspects of development?
1) motor, 2) cognitive (adaptive), 3) language, 4) personal/social behavior
168
Maturational developmental theory posits that what may impact the rate of development in different individuals?
genetics, temperament, learning style, physical growth, parental and family influences, cultural norms and more.
169
Around when does gender identity develop?
Before the age of four
170
What may influence gender identity?
genetics, prenatal and postnatal hormones, and socialization processes.
171
What are gender roles?
Conventional often stereotyped attitudes about how to behave base don biological sex.
172
When is the sex-typed behaviors highest?
During young adulthood.
