Sensation and Perception (5-7%) Flashcards
(203 cards)
<p>What is this called?</p>
<p>Ponzo Illusion</p>
How is pattern recognition most often explained
by template matching and feature detection
Who discovered the intense specialization of cells in the visual cortex?
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel
there are __ rods per ganglion cell and __ cones per ganglion cell
more rods per ganglion cell and, fewer cones per ganglion cell
what are the sensory receptor cells for vision?
rods and cones
what determines the loudness of a sound
the amplitude of the sound wave is associated with…
Who is Robert Fantz?
A psychologist who studied infant perception, especially that they prefer complex, sensical displays. They also seem to prefer to pay attention to novel stimuli and this can be used to assess whether they can tell something is different.
<p>What is this called?</p>
<p>The Müller-lyer illusion</p>
sensory adaptation
decreasing sensation or perception of an unchanging stimulus
near the center of the retina there are more
cones
about how many photoreceptor cells are in the retina of the human eye?
132 million
How is brightness perceived?
Brightness is perceived and is a combination of luminosity and context, processed even at the level of the eye. Does not have to be learned.
What is a simulation?
Something that uses perceptual cues to make artificial situations seem real.
<p>masking</p>
<p>the partial or complete obscuring of one stimulus (the target) by another (the masker).</p>
What neuromodulators may reduce or eliminate the perception of pain?
Endorphins
What is the difference between proprioception and the kinesthetic sense?
Proprioception is about where our body IS and the kinesthetic sense is about how our body is moving.
<p>the invisible gorilla test is an example of</p>
<p>inattentional blindness</p>
<p>what are Müller cells?</p>
<p>a type of retinal glial cells</p>
<p>What is contained in the middle ear?</p>
<p>Starts at the tympanic membrane, contains the three auditory ossicles, extends to the oval window.</p>
<p>What is the difference between a sensory modality and submodalities</p>
<p>Sensory modality is the general perception of the sense (such as sight, taste, smell, touch) whereas submodalities are the component physical sensations that are transduced that help make up the perception of that sense.</p>
<p>forward masking</p>
<p>when the masker is presented before the stimulus</p>
Is opponent process theory right or is component theory right?
Opponent process theory (opponent-color theory) if correct at all, may be at work in the lateral geniculate body, however component theory (trichromatic theory) appears to be correct in the retina itself.
<p>What is binocular convergence?</p>
<p>How much do our eyes have to converge (go cross eyed) for us to be able to focus on something? The more they have to converge, the closer something is to us.</p>
<p>What happens if you present animals and babies who should have little learned experience of depth with the visual cliff?</p>
<p>they avoid moving onto the "cliff" regardless of the presence of the glass.</p>
Type II Errors
False Negatives
JND
just noticeable difference (otherwise known as the difference threshold)
Who studied the visual cliff effect in babies and animals?
Elanor Gibson and Richard Walk
What causes the autokinetic effect?
the constant movement of our own eyes
What is the Purkinje shift?
colors (especially red) look less bright when there is less illumination in the room.
sense receptor
the cell or organ in a sensory system that is responsible for stimulus transduction. (Receptor cells are specialized to detect and respond to specific stimuli in the external or internal environment.)
what is the minimum principle?
the tendency to see what is easiest or logical to see.
Taste buds are also known as...
Papillae are also known as...
sensory habituation
sensory adaptation through central or associative mechanisms
what are some types of class visual illusions
1) ambiguous figures 2) figure ground reversal patterns 3) Impossible objects 4) The moon illusion 5) The phi phenomenon 6) The Muller-Lyer Illusion 7) The Ponzo Illusion
Does Weber's Law apply to all signal intensities?
No, it only applies to a limited range of intensities.
J.A. Swet
Proposed the Theory of Signal Detection
What is the two point threshold and what determines it?
What do you call what describes the concentration of nerves in the skin and how that relates to whether you can feel whether two points are close together or far apart?
When we have past experience of something we are more likely to use _-_ processing, when we do not we are more likely to use _-_ processing.
Bottom-down processing is used most when we have _ experience of something, top-up processing when we have _ experience of something.
What part of the brain is associated with smell?
The olfactory bulb?
Which theory of perception focuses on top-down processing?
Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt Psychology postulates...
Perception is a result of top down processing with people seeing the world in terms of organized wholes rather than constituent parts.
What is the difference between luminance and brightness?
luminance the amount of light reflected or emitted from an object as measured in candelas per square meter and brightness is a perception of that luminance
Who did the invisible gorilla test?
Daniel Simmons and Christopher Chabris 1999
around the edges of the retina there are more ___
rods
What is the visual field?
The span that can be detected or perceived by the eye at a given moment.
Weber's Law
K (the Weber Fraction for that situation) = Δ I (difference threshold) / I (the original intensity)
humans hear frequencies around _____ best
1,000 Hz
What is the ponzo illusion?
due to linear perspective, two horizontal lines of equal length appear unequal because of the to vertical lines that slant inward.
Does a sensation also have to be perceived?
Yes. According to the APA, a sensation has to be conscious experience
Does Weber's Law apply to all senses?
Yes
how is perception defined in psychology?
it is the experience, organization, and/or interpretation of sensations
What is trichromatic theory?
The theory that there are blue, green, and red cone color receptors int he eye.
What is an afterimage?
Because of the overstimulation or fatigue of one set of paired receptors after looking at a set image for a long time it can no longer respond and is overshadowed by its opposite. (green afterimage for red, dark afterimage after looking at white)
Are difference thresholds proportional or absolute?
proportional
Max Wertheimer
founder of Gestalt Theory
E.H. Weber
Proposed Weber's Law regarding difference thresholds
what is multistability?
when our perception of something flips from one stable interpretations to another.
rods are particularly helpful for what kinds of vision?
night or dim light vision, peripheral vision
Who came up with the spotlight model of attention?
William James
The false positive rate is also equal to...
1 minus specificity is also equal to...
Which theories of perception currently appear to be correct?
All of them, perception is innate and learned, sensory and conceptual.
Why does an afterimage occur?
due to receptor fatigue
What is contained in the inner ear?
- Oval Window - Cochlea (basilar membrane (with hair cells), organ of corti), vestibular labyrinth (semi-circular canals, vestibular sacs)
does the fovea contain more rods or cones?
cones
In German "gestalt" means
German for "whole" or "form"
Who came up with the place resonance theory of sound perception?
Herman von Helmholtz
Does depth perception seem to be innate or learned?
innate
Is the perception of brightness absolute or relative?
relative
The 5 basic tastes are
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
What is the autokinetic effect?
a single point of light viewed in darkness will appear to shake or move
what is another name for color?
hue
what is one theory about why sensory adaptation occurs?
tradeoff information about stimulus magnitude for information about changing stimuli
A false positive is also called a
Gustav Fechner
Proposed Fechner's law and is believed to have coined the term "psychophysics"
ROC curve
receiver operating characteristic curve
What does the figure and ground relationship refer to?
The difference between the meaningful element of the visual field versus the background.
What are the consequences of multitasking?
Slower progress, increased likelihood of mistakes
what is the unit of sound frequency?
Hertz (Hz)
What is lateral inhibition?
Once one receptor cell is stimulated, others nearby are inhibited. (primarily to allow the eye to see contrast)
at what level does sensory adaptation occur?
from sensory receptors to high level perception
Why does interposition help us with depth perception?
Usually the item that is closer to us covers the items farther behind.
difference threshold
the smallest amount stimulus must change before that change will be detected 50% of the time
what are the muscles that help bend the lens of the eye called?
ciliary muscles
What is physiologic zero?
What is the name for the temperature that is sensed as neither hot nor cold?
What are some examples of perceptual constancy
brightness constancy, size constancy, color constancy, shape constancy
Another name for the external ear canal is...
Another name for the auditory canal is...
Who came up with the gate control theory of pain?
Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall
sensory fatigue
a sensory receptor cannot be stimulated by ongoing stimuli
Which theory of perception focuses on bottom-up processing?
Structuralist Theory
Negative Predictive Value
True Negatives/Total Negative Results
Type I Errors
False Positive
What is the difference between general senses and special senses?
General senses are distributed throughout the body whereas special senses have sense organs dedicated to them
another name for using texture to sense depth perception is ___?
atmospheric perspective
A false negative is also called a
Miss
S. S. Stevens
Proposed Steven's Law on perception
Another name for sensitivity is...
Another name for the true positive rate is...
What are the receptors of the kinesthetic sense?
Spindles (located in muscles)
Nativist Theory postulates that...
Perception and cognition are genetic and innate - we are born with the potential for all perceptual capabilities which develop as we mature.
Explain the concept of perceptual constancy
the phenomenon in which an object or its properties (e.g., size, shape, color) appear unchanged despite variations in the stimulus itself or in the external conditions of observation, such as object orientation or level of illumination. Allows us to identify the same object under different conditions.
How are sounds localized?
High pitched sounds are localized based on differential intensities between the different ears, and low pitched sounds are localized based on phase differences between the different ears.
Fechner's Law
Ψ = k logS - where Ψ is the sensation, k is a constant, and S is the physical intensity of the stimulus
A true positive is also called a ...
Hit
Pragnanz is associated with what psychological theory?
Gestalt Psychology
the center of the retina with the most acute, detailed vision is called the
fovea
What information about depth perception do we get from monocular cues?
1) Apparent size (though we have to know about how big the object SHOULD be) 2) Motion parallax (how fast should something be moving, things seem to move more slowly when they are farther away) 3) Interposition 4) Linear perspective 5) Texture (atmospheric perspective) 6) Height in plane (things we can see higher up are likely farther away) 7) Light and shadow (give us assumptions about something's 3D shape)
How does texture help us with depth perception?
Usually objects farther away have more smooth, indistinct textures than objects closer to us.
What senses do we have?
olfaction, gustation, audition, vision, somatosensation, nociception, vestibular sense, thermoreception, proprioception, the kinesthesic sense
sensory reception
Reception is the process of activating a sensory receptor by a stimuli.
3 cellular types of sensory receptors
1) free nerve endings, 2) encapsulated nerve endings, 3) specialized receptor cells
the optic nerves are made up of what kind of cell?
the ganglion cells
Steven's Law
a psychophysical relationship stating that the psychological magnitude of a sensation is proportional to a power of the stimulus producing it. This can be expressed as Ψ = ks^n, where Ψ is the sensation, k is a constant of proportionality, s is the stimulus magnitude, and n is a function of the particular stimulus
Pacinian corpuscles sense...
What type of receptors sense displacement of skin?
Sensitivity
True Positives/Real Positives
interoceptors
sensory receptors that detect information from internal organs and processes
backward masking
when the masker is presented shortly after the stimulus
Theory of Signal Detection (or theory of signal detection)
Motivation plays a role in signal detection.
Free nerve endings sense...
Nociception and thermoreception are have what kind of receptor?
Describe the neurophysiologic pathway of vision
light comes in through the conjunctiva, cornea, lens, vitreous, hits the retina (especially on the fovea) hitting outer segment of rods and cones leading to a hyperpolarization that reduces neurotransmitter release to bipolar cells, they then signal ganglion cells.
Four gestalt principles of grouping
similarity, proximity, continuity, completion
visual acuity is ...
the ability to see fine details
What is an example of depth perception given by linear perspective
apparently parallel lines converging
exteroreceptors
sensory receptors that detect the world outside of the organism
What is another name for multitasking?
Divided attention
The attenuation model of attention helps explain what effect?
The cocktail party effect
Describe the elements of the spotlight model of selective attention
Humans FOCUS on one particular task, while there are things in the FRINGE, and then the MARGIN is the limit of what we can pay attention to until the spotlight focuses on a different task.
What is the name for the concept that things appear to move more slowly when they are farther away?
Motion parallax
Who proposed component theory?
Thomas Young and Herman von Helmholtz.
Specificity
True Negatives/Real Negatives
what are the two things we sense about light?
wavelength (color/hue) and brightness/physical intensity.
absolute threshold
the level at which something goes from being undetectable to detectable by our senses at least 50% of the time
What does the resources model of attention state?
Humans have a limited amount of attention at any given time.
simultaneous masking
when the masker and stimuli are presented at the same time
Empiricist Theory postulates that...
Perception is learned and develops as individuals adapt to his or her environment.
What are some general senses?
Touch, pressure, and vibration, heat (thermoreception), pain (nociception), position (proprioception), and muscle movement (kinesthetic).
are there more rods or cones in the eye?
rods (by 20 to 1)
A true negative is also called a ...
Correct rejection
what is the moon illusion
how context affects perception, the horizon provides contextual cues the night sky does not that makes the moon seem larger
which areas of the body contain receptive fields?
body surface, muscles, joints, internal organs, special sense organs
Who came up with the filter model of attention
Donald Broadbent
What are the three bones of the inner ear?
The malleus, incus, and stapes
What is timbre?
the complexity of a sound wave is associated with...
receptive field
distinct region of sensory space that can produce a response when stimulated
figure-ground reversal patterns are a type of
ambiguous figure
proprioceptors
sensory receptors that detect information about position and load
what is the phi phenomenon?
the tendency to see apparent motion from flashing lights or still frame cartoons.
Another name for trichromatic theory is...?
Another name for component theory is...?
Describe the elements of the filter model of attention
Sensory information goes into sensory stores, but goes through a selective filter which creates a bottleneck where only attended messages get through for higher level processing and working memory.
What is the concept of pragnanz?
experience will be organized to be 1) meaningful, 2) symmetric, and 3) simple whenever possible.
Structuralist Theory postulates...
Perception is the sum total of sensory input, created by bottom-up processing of sensory data and integration of that data.
what is the visual cliff?
a thick layer of glass above a surface that drops off sharply, it is safe to walk on but appears to have a sharp drop.
What is another name for afterimages?
The McCollough effect
TSD
Theory of Signal Detection
sensory accommodation
the threshold for a stimulus to be detected is increased when the stimulus magnitude is increased slowly
