Clinical Anatomy of the Lower Limb III

Question 1

Ankle joint

Answer 1

synovial in type and
involves articulation between the talus
bone of the foot and the tibia and
fibula of the leg

Question 2

Tibiotalar joint

Answer 2

allows hinge-like
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of
the foot on the leg

Question 3

Subtalar joint

Answer 3

allows for inversion and

eversion

Question 4

ankle joint is stabilized by ;

Answer 4

medial (deltoid) and lateral ligaments

Question 5

what 3 ligaments make up the lateral ligament :

Answer 5

-anterior
talofibular
-posterior
talofibular 
-calcaneofibular

Question 6

what 4 ligaments make up the medial ligament :

Answer 6

• tibionavicular
• tibiocalcanea
• plantar calcaneonavicular
• sustentaculum tali

Question 7

what does the inversion injury tear :

Answer 7

anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular

Question 8

what is the medial tarsal tunnel

Answer 8

the gateway to the foot
Found on the posteromedial side of the
ankle. Structures from the posterior leg
enter the plantar foot.

Question 9

what are the contents of tarsal tunnel :

Answer 9

Tom -tibialis posterior
Dick -flexor digitorum longus
And- posterior tibial artery
Very- posterior tibial vein
Very- posterior tibial vein
Nervous- tibial nerve
Harry flexor- hallucis longus

Question 10

what are the bones of the foot

Answer 10

-7 Tarsal bones
-5 metatarsal
bones
-14 Phalanges

Question 11

why does the foot have arches

Answer 11

Arches absorb and
distribute downward
forces from the body
during standing and
moving on different
surfaces.

Question 12

what ligaments support the arches :

Answer 12

– plantar calcaneonavicular
– plantar calcaneocuboid
– long plantar ligaments
– plantar aponeurosis

Question 13

what muscles provide dynamic support for the foot arches

Answer 13

– tibialis anterior
– tibialis posterior
– fibularis longus

Question 14

Hallux Valgus

Answer 14

a foot deformity
in which there is lateral deviation
of the great toe in the transverse
plane. It is caused by pressure
from the footwear and
degenerative joint disease.

Question 15

Hallux Varus

Answer 15

is a foot deformity
in which there is medial deviation
of the great toe in the transverse
plane. It is caused by excessive
recession of a bunion.

Question 16

abductor digiti minim

Answer 16

abducts the little
toe
• lateral plantar
nerve

Question 17

abductor

hallucis

Answer 17

abducts the big
toe
• medial plantar
nerve

Question 18

flexor digitorum brevis

Answer 18

flexes the digits
• medial plantar
nerve

Question 19

plantar aponeurosis

Answer 19

• supports the
longitudinal arch of
the foot
• protects deeper
structures in the
sole

Question 20

Lumbricals

Answer 20

• flexion at the MTP and extension at IP
• 1st : medial plantar
• 2nd-4th :lateral plantar

Question 21

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Answer 21

flexes little toe
• lateral plantar
nerve

Question 22

Flexor hallucis brevis

Answer 22

• flexes big
toe
• medial
plantar
nerve

Question 23

Adductor hallucis

Answer 23

• adducts the
big toe
• lateral plantar
nerve

Question 24

how many plantar interossei

Adductors do we have

Answer 24

3

Question 25

how many dorsal interossei | Abductors do we have

Answer 25

4

Question 26

Lymphatic drainage of lower limb -Superficial drainage:

Answer 26

– lateral foot + postero-lateral leg -popliteal lymph nodes - antero-medial foot,antero-medial leg,thigh-vertical group of superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Question 27

Lymphatic drainage of lower limb -Deep drainage

Answer 27

• leg and foot to popliteal nodes, then to deep inguinal • thigh to deep inguinal nodes •receives tributaries from the superficial groups and eventually drain into the external iliac nodes

Question 28

valves in veins:

Answer 28

assist with venous return by preventing retrograde flow • prevent flow from deep veins to superficial veins

Question 29

superficial veins

Answer 29

are outside deep fascia – not exposed to compression forces when muscles contract

Question 30

superficial veins

Answer 30

are outside deep fascia – not exposed to compression forces when muscles contract

Question 31

deep veins-

Answer 31

pressure rises when muscles contract = muscular pump

Question 32

varicose vein

Answer 32

Superficial veins and perforating branches with | insufficient valves

Question 33

venous ulcers

Answer 33

``` When large numbers of superficial vein valves become insufficient – there is continuous excess flow through superficial veins (from deep to superficial) – pressure in the superficial veins rises leading to mechanical injury of small vessels, inflammation and fibrosis ```

Question 34

Chronic venous insufficiency

Answer 34

pigmentation, fibrosis, ulcerations

Question 35

Dermatomes-—L1

Answer 35

over the inguinal ligament

Question 36

Dermatomes-—L2

Answer 36

lateral side of the thigh

Question 37

Dermatomes-—L3

Answer 37

lower medial side of the thigh

Question 38

Dermatomes-—L4

Answer 38

medial side of the great toe (digit I

Question 39

Dermatomes-—L5

Answer 39

– medial side of digit II

Question 40

Dermatomes-S1

Answer 40

little toe (digit V)

Question 41

Dermatomes-—S2

Answer 41

back of the thigh | skin over the gluteal fold

Question 42

Dermatomes-—S3

Answer 42

skin over the gluteal fold