Clinical Chemistry (workbook)

Question 0

Define preprandial

Answer 0

Not eaten recently (~12 hours)

Question 1

Chemical measurements should be completed within _______ after blood collection

Answer 1

1 hour

Question 2

The fluid portion of whole blood is termed

Answer 2

Plasma

Question 3

How does a spectrophotometer work?

Answer 3

It uses a prism to select a specific wavelength of light

Question 4

How does a colorimeter work?

Answer 4

It uses a filter to select a specific wavelength of light

Question 5

What is prehepatic bilirubin?

Answer 5

Bilirubin bound to albumin

Question 6

What does an increase in prehepatic bilirubin indicate?

Answer 6

Hepatic damage/problems with uptake

Question 7

What does an increase in conjugated bilirubin indicate?

Answer 7

A bile duct obstruction

Question 8

Cholesterol assay is used as a screening test for

Answer 8

Hypothyroidism

Question 9

2 common enzyme tests for liver function

Answer 9

AST, ALT

Question 10

What does AST stand for?

Answer 10

Aspartate Aminotransferase

Question 11

What does ALT stand for?

Answer 11

Alanine Aminotransferase

Question 12

Osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and cells of the hepatobiliary system in the liver contain isoenzymes of

Answer 12

AP

Question 13

What does AP stand for?

Answer 13

Alkaline phosphatase

Question 14

2 primary serum chemistry tests for kidney function?

Answer 14

BUN and serum creatinine

Question 15

In most mammalian species, uric acid is converted to ______ before being excreted in the urine

Answer 15

Allantoin

Question 16

The major end product of nitrogen metabolism in avian species and dalmations

Answer 16

Uric acid

Question 17

This test evaluates glomerular function by using test substances eliminated by both glomerular filtration and renal secretion

Answer 17

Effective Renal Plasma Flow (ERPF)

Question 18

A type of test that describes the excretion of specific electrolytes relative to the glomerular filtration rate

Answer 18

FC (Fractional Clearance) or FE (Fractional Excretion)

These are the same test.

Question 19

4 tests of endocrine functions of the pancreas

Answer 19

Blood glucose, fructosamine, b-hydroxybutyrate, glycosylated hemoglobin

Question 20

What is b-hydroxybutyrate?

Answer 20

A ketone

Question 21

Increased fructosamine indicates a persistent hyperglycemia of how long in dogs and cats?

Answer 21

1-2 weeks

Question 22

Increased glycosylated hemoglobin indicates a persistent hyperglycemia of how long in dogs? Cats?

Answer 22

Dogs - 3-4 months

Cats - 2-3 months

Question 23

Ketoacidotic patients produce mostly this ketone

Answer 23

B-hydroxybutyrate

Question 24

The kidneys play a major role in regulating the concentration of this molecule by actively secreting or resorbing it from filtrate in response to the blood pH

Answer 24

Bicarbonate

Question 25

Increased level of lactate indicates (2)

Answer 25

Hypoperfusion or hypoxia

Question 26

This equipment is designed to measure the amount of light transmitted through a solution

Answer 26

Spectrophotometer

Question 27

Define the term "glycosylated"

Answer 27

It represents the irreversible rxn of glucose bound to the protein

Question 28

Increased urea in the blood is called

Answer 28

Azotemia

Question 29

What is bilirubin?

Answer 29

An insoluble molecule derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin

Question 30

What is albumin?

Answer 30

The major binding and transport protein in the body. It is responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure of plasma

Question 31

Plasma from which the fibrinogen has been removed is called

Answer 31

Serum

Question 32

5 causes of hemolysis in samples

Answer 32

Blood drawn into moist syringe, blood mixed too vigorously after collection, blood forced through needle into tube, blood frozen as whole blood, excess alcohol was left on skin and not allowed to dry

Question 33

3 causes of hyperproteinemia

Answer 33

Dehydration, bacterial infections, inflammation

Question 34

2 causes of hypoproteinemia

Answer 34

Overhydration, albumin loss

Question 35

4 causes of hypernatremia

Answer 35

Dehydration, diabetes (because of high water loss), burns, kidney issues

Question 36

5 causes of hyponatremia

Answer 36

Water retention, solute loss, vomiting, diarrhea, kidney defects

Question 37

3 causes of hyperkalemia

Answer 37

Hypersupplementation, not peeing enough, kidney issues

Question 38

5 causes of hypokalemia

Answer 38

Kidney disease, K+ loss through urine, diarrhea, vomiting, intestinal obstruction

Question 39

Why are dehydration and azotemia related?

Answer 39

Kidneys normally filter blood. When the volume or blood pressure through the kidneys drops, they cannot filter as effectively so urea remains in the blood.

Question 40

Which 2 tests are commonly performed to evaluate the acinar functions of the pancreas?

Answer 40

Amylase, Lipase

Question 41

What are two less commonly performed tests to evaluate acinar function of the pancreas? Which one is used in cats?

Answer 41

Trypsin-like immunoreactivity, Serum pancreatic lipase reactivity. Cats - Serum PLI

Question 42

Define cholestasis

Answer 42

Any condition in which bile excretion from the liver is blocked

Question 43

What does a photometer do?

Answer 43

Measures the amount of light transmitted through a solution