Urinalysis (workbook)

Question 0

Define pollakiuria

Answer 0

Increased frequency of urination

Question 1

What are urochromes?

Answer 1

Urine color pigments

Question 2

Define oliguria

Answer 2

Decreased volume of urine

Question 3

Define isosthenuria

Answer 3

Urine with a specific gravity close to that of glomerular filtrate (1.008-1.012)

Question 4

What are the 5 things we examine during a gross examination of urine?

Answer 4

Volume, color, odor, turbidity, specific gravity

Question 5

Define polyuria

Answer 5

Increased volume of urine

Question 6

Define urolithiasis

Answer 6

Presence of calculi in urinary tract

Question 7

Which crystal is seen in the urine of rabbits and horses?

Answer 7

Calcium carbonate

Question 8

Which urine sediment artifact is formed in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney?

Answer 8

Casts

Question 9

Which 3 epithelial cells are found in urine sediment? List from largest to smallest

Answer 9

Squamous, Transitional, Renal

Question 10

Which protein, found in muscle, causes dark brown colored urine?

Answer 10

Myoglobin

Question 11

Define crystalluria

Answer 11

Presence of crystals in urine

Question 12

Which stain is used to examine urine sediment?

Answer 12

Sedi-stain

Question 13

When are ketones formed?

Answer 13

During incomplete catabolism of fatty acids

Question 14

What can happen to your urine sample as it sits out? (7)

Answer 14

Crystalluria, cells dissolve or lyse, pH increase, decreased glucose, decreased bilirubin, bacterial growth, increased specific gravity

Question 15

When you calibrate a refractometer with distiller water, the specific gravity should read

Answer 15

1.000

Question 16

Define specific gravity

Answer 16

The density of a quantity of liquid compared with that of an equal volume of distilled water

Question 17

Factors that decrease urine pH (6)

Answer 17

Carnivorous/high protein diet, fever, starvation, acidosis, excessive muscular activity, some drugs

Question 18

Factors that increase urine pH (6)

Answer 18

Herbivorous diet, stress and excitement (cats), alkalosis, UTI with urease-producing bacteria, urine retention, some drugs

Question 19

How to create urine sediment

Answer 19

Use a maximum of 10 mL of urine, place in a tube, centrifuge at 1000-2000 rpm for 3-5 minutes

Question 20

When examining urine sediment under low power, what are you looking for? (2)

Answer 20

Casts, aggregates of cells

Question 21

When examining urine under high dry power, what are you looking for? (4)

Answer 21

Bacteria, epithelial cells, WBCs, RBCs

Question 22

Describe an RBC in urine (5 characteristics)

Answer 22

Small, round or biconcave, smooth edged, somewhat refractile, yellow or orange

Question 23

Describe a WBC in urine (5 characteristics)

Answer 23

Larger than RBCs but smaller than epithelial cells, spherical, dull grey or greenish-yellow, granules observed, lobed nucleus

Question 24

What are the 6 types of urine casts?

Answer 24

Hyaline, Granular (coarse or fine), Epithelial, Cellular (WBC or RBC), Waxy, Fatty

Question 25

How are hyaline and waxy casts distinguished from one another?

Answer 25

Both are tubular shaped, clear, and colorless, but waxy will appear dull

Question 26

Define renal threshold

Answer 26

The maximum amount the nephrons can effectively filter. When you surpass this, the blood will travel through the nephrons without being filtered.

Question 27

Normal urine output for canines and felines

Answer 27

20-40 mL/kg/day

Question 28

Two terms that both mean "glucose in urine"

Answer 28

Glucosuria, Glycosuria

Question 29

Causes of ketonuria (4)

Answer 29

Diabetes mellitus, high fat diets, starvation/fasting/anorexia, impaired liver function

Question 30

Squamous epithelial cells originate in (4)

Answer 30

Distal urethra, vagina, vulva, prepuce

Question 31

What happens to RBCs in concentrated urine?

Answer 31

They shrink and crenate

Question 32

What are ghost cells?

Answer 32

"Shells" of lysed RBCs

Question 33

Transitional epithelial cells originate in (4)

Answer 33

Bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, proximal urethra

Question 34

Which crystal is associated with ethylene glycol poisoning?

Answer 34

Calcium oxalate monohydrate

Question 35

Which type of bilirubin does not pass through the glomerulus into the renal filtrate and is not water-soluble?

Answer 35

Unconjugated bilirubin

Question 36

Animals with liver disease may have these wheel or pincushion shaped crystals

Answer 36

Leucine

Question 37

A result of intravascular hemolysis is often

Answer 37

Hemoglobinuria

Question 38

These cells are sometimes seen in the urine sediment of intact males

Answer 38

Spermatozoa

Question 39

This condition is often seen with traumatic catheterization or adder expression

Answer 39

Proteinuria

Question 40

This type of bilirubin is found in urine

Answer 40

Conjugated bilirubin

Question 41

This condition is seen in horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis

Answer 41

Myoglobinuria

Question 42

This is a bladder worm of cats and dogs

Answer 42

Capillaria plica

Question 43

These crystals are found exclusively in acidic urine (6)

Answer 43

Amorphous urate, bilirubin, cystine, leucine, tyrosine, and uric acid

Question 44

This crystal is found exclusively in alkaline urine

Answer 44

Amorphous phosphate

Question 45

This crystal is found in both neutral and alkaline urine

Answer 45

Calcium carbonate

Question 46

These crystals are found in slightly acidic, neutral, and alkaline urine (2)

Answer 46

Ammonium biurate, struvite

Question 47

This crystal is found in all urine pHs

Answer 47

Calcium oxalate

Question 48

Another name for struvite crystals is

Answer 48

Triple phosphate crystals