Immunology (workbook)

Question 0

What is an antigen?

Answer 0

It binds to an antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex.

Question 1

What is the innate immune system?

Answer 1

Barriers such as the skin, nasopharynx, gut, lungs, urogenital tract, and normal bacteria flora.

Question 2

What cell becomes a macrophage as it migrates to the tissues?

Answer 2

Monocyte

Question 3

Summarize the inflammatory response.

Answer 3

A chemical alert causes blood vessels to dilate, neutrophils move into tissues to phagocytize infectious agents, inflammation signs appear, monocytes/macrophages come to ingest larger bacteria/viruses/particles, NK cells and interferons come, complement system activated which activates cascade

Question 4

5 signs of inflammation

Answer 4

Pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function

Question 5

Lymphocyte maturation series

Answer 5

Lymphoblast -> Prolymphocyte -> Lymphocyte

Question 6

What mediates lymphopoiesis?

Answer 6

Cytokines, antibodies, and HSC

Question 7

Define immunologic tolerance

Answer 7

Mechanisms to not destroy “self”

Question 8

What is a cytokine?

Answer 8

A soluble protein secreted by cells to mediate immune responses

Question 9

Explain the mechanism behind ELISA testing

Answer 9

A monoclonal antibody is bound to wells in a test tray (or a membrane or plastic wand). If present in sample, the antigen will bind to the antibody and also a second enzyme-labeled antibody. Rinse. Chromatographic substrate is added, it reacts with enzyme to form a color change, which is a positive result.

Question 10

Activation of the complement system leads to (3)

Answer 10

Inflammation, cell lysis, opsonization of microbes

Question 11

What is the primary function of B lymphocytes?

Answer 11

Produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)

Question 12

What is the most abundant circulating immunoglobulin?

Answer 12

IgG

Question 13

Antibodies and antigens bind and form an insoluble complex through what rxn type?

Answer 13

Precipitation

Question 14

Examples of Type I Hypersensitivity conditions? (2)

Answer 14

Atopy, Anaphylaxis

Question 15

Examples of Type II Hypersensitivity reactions? (2)

Answer 15

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA), transfusion rxns

Question 16

Example of a Type III Hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 16

Glomerulonephritis

Question 17

Most common dog blood type, also the type that has the most serious mismatch rxns?

Answer 17

DEA 1.1

Question 18

What does DEA stand for, when referring to canine blood typing?

Answer 18

Dog Erythrocyte Antigen

Question 19

Most cats have what blood type?

Answer 19

A

Question 20

Giving ____ blood to ____ cats will cause a serious transfusion rxn.

Answer 20

A; B

Question 21

Two methods of blood typing done in house?

Answer 21

Immunochromatographic assay, card/slide agglutination assay

Question 22

Card/slide agglutination assay for blood typing is an example of what kind of test?

Answer 22

Latex agglutination

Question 23

Explain humoral immunity

Answer 23

B cells (lymphocytes) create immunoglobulins (Ig molecules developed for specific antigens) and they bind to prevent disease.

Question 24

Explain the process of finding an antibody titer

Answer 24

Dilute the blood to see how much it can be diluted and still produce a rxn to an antigen

Question 25

Two immunologic tests that are based on cell-mediated immunity

Answer 25

Tuberculin skin test, intradermal hypersensitivity skin test

Question 26

What is the mechanism of Type I Hypersensitivity Rxns?

Answer 26

Immediate hypersensitivity that occurs when chemical mediators from mast cells are released

Question 27

What does ELISA stand for?

Answer 27

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Question 28

Define specificity as it's related to serology testing

Answer 28

A measure of the number of false positives produced with the given rxn procedure

Question 29

Define sensitivity as it's related to serology testing

Answer 29

Refers to the ability of the test to correctly identify all animals that are truly positive for a given rxn procedure

Question 30

Another term for antibody

Answer 30

Immunoglobulin

Question 31

Define antigen

Answer 31

Any substance capable of generating a response from the immune system

Question 32

What is an interferon?

Answer 32

Soluble proteins secreted by cells to mediate immune responses that elicit other cellular rxns

Question 33

Define opsonization

Answer 33

Binding of complement to antigen

Question 34

What is an alloantibody?

Answer 34

A naturally occurring antibody produced by an individual that reacts with alloantigens of another individual of the same species

Question 35

What is IgG responsible for?

Answer 35

Neutralization of microbes and toxins, fetal and neonatal immunity by passive transfer across placenta and colostrum

Question 36

What is IgM responsible for?

Answer 36

Activation of the complement

Question 37

What is IgE responsible for?

Answer 37

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions such as allergies and anaphylactic shock; coating of helminthology parasites for destruction by eosinophils.

Question 38

What is IgA responsible for?

Answer 38

Mucosal immunity; protection of respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts

Question 39

What is IgD responsible for?

Answer 39

IgD is a B-lymphocyte surface antigen receptor in some species