Clinical Correlations

Question 1

Excessive Cubital Valgus

Answer 1

30 degrees (hand farther from hips)

Question 2

Shoulder Separation

Answer 2

FOOSH (fall on out stretched hand)

In severe cases, both the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments are torn.

A complete tear of the coracoclavicular ligament causes the clavicle to move over the acromion, which may move inferior and damage the glenohumeral joint.

Question 3

Cubital Varus

Answer 3

0 degrees, neutral

Question 4

Gunstock deformity

Answer 4

-15 degrees, hand in front of hips

Question 5

Dislocation of Radial Head

Answer 5

Radial head subluxes from anular ligament.

Most common at 3-5 y.o. because radial head isn’t fully developed. Usually due to swinging/pulling at the hand. If a fall occurs should screen for a fracture.

Question 6

Dislocation of Radial Head

“Nurse Maid’s Elbow”

Answer 6

Radial head subluxes from anular ligament.

Most common at 3-5 y.o. because radial head isn’t fully developed. Usually due to swinging/pulling at the hand. If a fall occurs should screen for a fracture.

Question 7

Olecranon bursitis

Answer 7

swelling of bursae at elbow joint usually from continual pressure on elbow such as resting weight on elbows while sitting.

Question 8

Glenohumeral joint anterior dislocation

Answer 8

accounts for 95% of shoulder dislocations.

This is an inferior dislocation that puts the humeral head of the humerus anterior to the glenohumeral space.

Question 9

Glenohumeral joint anterior dislocation

Answer 9

Accounts for 95% of shoulder dislocations.

This is an inferior dislocation that puts the humeral head of the humerus anterior to the glenohumeral space.

The longer the humeral head is out of the socket the more dangerous it is for other important structures due to increased pressure on nerves/blood supply.

Question 10

Pulmonary collapse

Answer 10

Decrease in surface tension between the parietal and visceral pleura that results in an elastic recoiling of the lung.

Could be from trauma or something as simple as a puncture from a dry needle.

S/S = shortness of breath

Question 11

Pneumonia

Answer 11

Infection of the alveoli causing them to fill with fluid usually caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi.

• Most common in babies or people 65 and older
• Usually diagnosed using x-ray (CXR)

Question 12

Cardiac referred pain

Answer 12

Pain receptors in myocardium, visceral afferent axons (sympathetic), and cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion are shared with general somatic axons (receptors in the skin) so the brain interprets this as pain in the skin from the left pectoral region to the shoulder and medial upper extremity.

*why a heart attack can be felt down inside of arm