Clinical Intervention with Specific Populations

Question 1

Cultural Encapsulation

Answer 1

Refers to the tendency of therapists and counselors to interpret everyone’s reality through their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes

Question 2

Medicaid

Answer 2

Social security program providing medical and health related services for individuals and families with low incomes Through direct payment to suppliers of the program. Low income is only one test for Medicaid eligibility; assets and resources also are tested against established thresholds determined by each state (i.e., means testing). Within federal guidelines, states have discretion in determining which groups their Medicaid programs will cover and the financial criteria for eligibility. States must cover categorically needy individuals, however, which usually includes recipients of SSI and families with dependent children receiving cash assistance, as well as other mandatory low-income groups such as pregnant women, infants, and children with incomes less than a specified percent of the federal poverty level. States must also cover certain low-income Medicare beneficiaries

Question 3

Social Class

Answer 3

A social category of persons based on wealth, status, power, educational attainment and background

Question 4

Absolute Poverty

Answer 4

The possession of meager income and assets so that the person cannot maintain a subsistence level of income

Question 5

Cultural Paranoia

Answer 5

Term used to describe appropriate mistrust and suspiciousness of African-Americans toward whites resulting from racism and oppression. In therapy, may be a cause of nondisclosure

Question 6

Medicare

Answer 6

Social security program proceeding health care benefits (health insurance coverage) to most people over age 64 (i.e., those who are eligible for monthly social security benefits and are U.S. citizens or permanent residents of the U.S. who have lived in the U.S. for at least five years); to some people with disabilities under age 65; and to people of all ages with end-stage renal disease (permanent kidney failure treated with dialysis or a transplant). Part A of Medicare is a compulsory Hospital Insurance (HI) program, and Part B is a voluntary program of Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI). Part A covers inpatient hospital services, care in skilled nursing facilities, home health services, and hospice care

Question 7

Socioeconomic Class (or Status; SES)

Answer 7

Categorization of groups of people according to level of income or education, value orientation, location of residence, etc. (e.g., upper, middle, and working classes)

Question 8

Aids Dementia Complex

Answer 8

One of the most common neurological complications of HIV disease. Produces behavioral changes and diminished mental functioning. In the DSM-5, is called neurocognitive disorder due to HIV disease

Question 9

High-Context Vs. Low-Context Communication

Answer 9

Refers to different communication styles exhibited by different cultural groups. Members of many culturally diverse groups in America exhibit high-context communication, which relies on shared cultural understanding and nonverbal cues. In contrast, Anglos are more likely to exhibit low-context communication, which relies primarily on the verbal message

Question 10

Reasonable Accommodation (Americans with Disabilities Act)

Answer 10

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act, a qualified person with a disability’ is someone with a disability who, with or without “reasonable accommodation” can perform the essential functions of the job he holds or has applied for. Reasonable accommodation involves, among other things, making existing workplace facilities readily accessible to and usable by the person with a disability and the acquisition or modification of needed equipment

Question 11

Therapist-Client Matching

Answer 11

Research on therapist-client matching in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture has shown that it increases the duration of treatment but does not have consistent effects on other therapy outcomes

Question 12

Americans with Disabilities Act

Answer 12

Legislation that requires companies with 25 or more employees to avoid using procedures that discriminate against people with physical or mental disabilities and, when a disabled person is able to perform the essential functions of a job, to consider the person qualified and to make reasonable accommodations

Question 13

Hospice Care

Answer 13

An interdisciplinary approach to caring for individuals with terminal illness when recovery is unlikely (most hospices accept patients who have a life expectancy of six months or less and are referred by their personal physician). Care may be provided in the individual’s home, a nursing home, or a hospice unit in a hospital or community agency. Hospice care integrates medical, psychological, and social approaches. It emphasizes quality of life; holistic approaches to pain control (psychological and spiritual pain0; palliative care (specialized care when curative treatments are no longer available); and the involvement of family and others in caring for the patient. Hospice programs also support caregivers by offering convalescent and respite care

Question 14

Relative Poverty

Answer 14

An individual’s standard of living is well below that of the mainstream community but higher than the subsistence level. See also absolute poverty

Question 15

Victim Blaming

Answer 15

The notion that a person is responsible at least to some extent, for being harmed, disadvantaged, etc. (e.g., believing that a poor person is too lazy to work)

Question 16

Acculturation

Answer 16

The cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture. Includes the degree to which a member of a culturally diverse group within a society accepts and adheres to the behaviors, values, attitudes, etc., of his own group and the dominant (majority) group. Contemporary models of acculturation view it as an ongoing process and emphasize that individuals can take on the values, attitudes, and behaviors of their new culture without abandoning those of their indigenous culture

Question 17

Elder Abuse

Answer 17

Physical battering, neglect, psychological or emotional harm, and/or exploitation (e.g., financial) of elderly individuals. Most often inflicted by those responsible for their care (e.g., their adult children, legal custodians, etc.) Two common causes of elder abuse are caregiver stress (a caregiver becomes overwhelmed by the demands of caring for a dependent older person and is then physically abusive in a moment of anger or begins to neglect the older person’s needs) and caregiver impairment (the caregiver’s mental illness or substance abuse)

Question 18

Multisystems Approach

Answer 18

An approach that , according to many experts, is appropriate for clients from non-white-Anglo cultures because the concept underlying it is familiar and acceptable to many non-dominant cultural groups (i.e., “it takes a community to raise a child”). It entails taking full advantage of all appropriate resources available in the community, and its goals are to increase a client’s awareness of all available support systems and resources and to empower the client to use them

Question 19

SSI (Supplemental Security Income)

Answer 19

A social security program. A federal income supplement program funded by general tax revenues (not social security taxes) SSI is designed to help aged, blind, and disabled people who have little or no income and provides cash to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter. Basic requirements for SSI eligibility involve citizenship, income, financial resources, age, and disability. Since the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, SSi eligibility is generally restricted to U.S. citizens living in one of the 50 states, the district of Columbia, or the Northern Mariana Islands. However, eligibility is still possible for noncitizen members of certain classes of refugees or asylums, act duty or retired military personnel and their families, and lawful permanent residents who have earned or can be credited with 40 quarters of social security covered employment

Question 20

Adult Protective Services (APS)

Answer 20

Social, medical, legal, residential, custodial, and other services provided for adults who are unable to provide this care for themselves and have no friends, family, etc., who can provide the care. Individuals who receive these services are typically unable to act for themselves, which places them at risk for being harmed or harming others. Eligibility or need for services is usually determined by the courts

Question 21

Ethnocentrism

Answer 21

Belief that one’s own culture, ethnic or racial group, or nation is superior to others

Question 22

Poverty Line

Answer 22

Index of the amount of money necessary to enable a person to live at a minimum standard of living. Revised regularly to reflect changes in the cost–of-living index

Question 23

Stereotypes

Answer 23

Schemas about entire groups that contain oversimplified, rigid, and generalized impressions of members of those groups; these impressions are held despite the existence of individual differences among members of the group. A serious consequence of stereotyping is the devaluation of the individual which occurs when the people belonging to another group are no longer viewed as unique individuals - instead, all members of the group are presumed have the same, often negative or inferior, characteristics

Question 24

Androgyny

Answer 24

Having mannerisms, behaviors, appearance, and other characteristics of both genders

Question 25

Individualism (Worldview)

Answer 25

Individualism centers on the personal rather than on the social group or social context in which a person lives. A person with this worldview (a) emphasizes personal self-concept over family life; (b) relates his sense of well-being to a sense of personal control; (c) attributes events or behaviors to dispositional factors; (d) sees events in terms of personal preferences; (e) prefers goal-oriented, direct, low-context communication; and (f) in conflict situations, prefers a confrontational and attributional approach

Question 26

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 26

An expectation about a certain group, person, etc., that influences the way that group, person, etc. is perceived. Can occur when social workers or other therapists have biases about certain groups and may adversely affect treatment. For example, if a therapist believes the poor have low incomes because they are too lazy to work, he might not follow through on a poor client’s request for vocational assistance

Question 27

Welfare Rights

Answer 27

The concept that social services should be available to all citizens. Various associated rights include the fair distribution of services and funds, confidentiality of client records, accessibility of information about available benefits to those who are eligible, etc.

Question 28

Collectivism (Worldview)

Answer 28

Assumes that groups connect and mutually obligate individuals - the personal is subordinate to the larger social group or context. A person with this worldview (a) emphasizes family life over personal self-concept; (b) does not connect his sense of well-being to a sense of personal control; (c) attributes events or behaviors to situational factors; (d) sees events in terms of what he believes the expectations of others might be; (e) prefers indirect, high-context communication; and (f) in conflict situations, prefers an accommodation and negotiation approach

Question 29

Less-Eligibility Principle

Answer 29

Notion that poor individual should not get financial aid that will raise them to a level above that of the lowest paid working person in the community

Question 30

Sexual Prejudice, Stigma, and Heterosexism

Answer 30

Herek (2004) argues that sexual prejudice is a more precise term than homophobia and describes sexual prejudice as all negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual. Herek also uses the term heterosexism, which he defines as cultural ideologies or “systems that provide the rationale and operating instructions” that promote and perpetrate antipathy, hostility, and violence against homosexuals. Furthermore, stigma refers to “the shared knowledge of society’s negative regard for any non heterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, or community

Question 31

Working Poor

Answer 31

Working persons whose income and assets are so low that they fall below the poverty line.