Glossary Terms Flashcards

Question

Anhedonia

Answer 1

An inability to feel joy or express many pleasurable emotions

Answer 2

A social condition that may develop when a society or community experiences unusual stress. Is characterized by a lack of societal norms, a lack of social structure, and, among individuals, apathy, isolation, and a loss of personal and social values

Answer 3

The essential features of anorexia nervosa are (A) a restriction of energy intake that leads to a significantly low body weight; (B) an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat or behavior that interferes with weigh gain; and (C) a disturbance in the way the person experiences his body weight or shape or a persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of his low body weight. Onset is typically in adolescence. Treatment includes contingency management, cognitive therapy, and family therapy

Answer 4

An event or other stimulus that precedes a behavior and is thought to influence it

Answer 5

A loss of memory for events and information subsequent to a trauma or other event that precipitated the amnesia. It involves an inability to form new memories

Answer 6

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that has occurred since age 15 and involves at least three characteristic symptoms (e.g., failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behavior, deceitfulness, impulsivity, reckless disregard for the safety of self and others, lack of remorse). The person must be at least 18 years old and have a history of conduct disorder before 15 years of age

Answer 7

For Freud, anxiety is a factor in both normal personality functioning and pathological behavior. He distinguished between three types of anxiety: reality (objective) anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety. All serve to alert the ego to the presence of external or internal threats (e.g., an unresolved conflict between the id and the superego) and involve excitation of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 8

Impairment in the production and/or comprehension of language. Broca's aphasia involves difficulty producing written or spoken language with little or no trouble understanding language. Wernicke's aphasia is characterized by an inability to comprehend written or spoken language

Answer 9

This is present when a person is in touch with his emotions and can express them as he feels them in response to specific emotional or situational stimuli (e.g., the person cries when discussing sad material)

Answer 10

The designation of funds to a specific group, agency, or program. These funds are typically allocated by a governmental agency to enable a recipient to meet a specific goal

Answer 11

The measure of central tendency that is the arithmetic average of a set of scores. Can be used when scores are measured on an interval or ratio scale

Answer 12

The incorporation of new knowledge into existing cognitive schemas

Answer 13

A lack of coordination while performing voluntary movements; there may be a loss of balance, as well

Answer 14

ADHD is the appropriate diagnosis when an individual has at least six symptoms of inattention and/or six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, and the symptoms had an onset before 12 years of age, are present in at least two settings (e.g., home and school), and interfere with social, academic, or occupational functioning. About 15 percent of children with ADHD continue to meet the full diagnostic criteria for the disorder as young adults and another 60 percent meet the criteria for ADHD in partial remission. In adults, inattention predominates the symptom profile. Treatment usually involves a CNS stimulant (e.g., methylphenidate) and behavioral and cognitive-behavioral techniques

Answer 15

For a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, the individual must exhibit (a) persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts as manifested by deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and the development, maintenance, and understanding of relationships; (b) restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities as manifested by at least two characteristic symptoms (e.g., stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech; inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of behavior); (c) the presence of symptoms during the early developmental period; and (d) impaired functioning as the result of symptoms. The best outcomes are associated with an ability to communicate by age 5 or 6, an IQ over 70, and a later onset of symptoms

Answer 16

A division of the peripheral nervous system that is involved in the control of visceral functions (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sweating). Consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

Answer 17

Behavioral therapy based on counterconditioning that reduces the attractiveness of a stimulus or behavior by repeatedly pairing it with a stimulus that produces an undesirable or unpleasant response. Pairing alcohol consumption with electric shock to reduce alcohol use is an example of aversive counterconditioning. In this situation, the alcohol is the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the electric shock is the unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 18

Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, as indicated by at least four characteristic symptoms (e.g., avoids work activities involving interpersonal contact due to a fear of criticism, rejection, or disapproval; is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked; is preoccupied with concerns about being criticized or rejected; views self as socially inept, inferior, or unappealing to others)

Answer 19

Methods used to induce compliance in another person. Include coercive, reward, expert, legitimate, referent, and informational

Answer 20

Skills needed in typical daily self-care (e.g., bathing, dressing, feeding, toileting)

Answer 21

Items considered by social planners to be necessary for maintaining personal well-being. Include adequate food, shelter, clothing, heating fuel, clean water, and security from bodily harm.

Answer 22

Tendencies to act in certain predictable ways. Some investigators argue that basic temperament (e.g., activity level, sociability, emotionality) is one of the characteristics that has a strong genetic component

Answer 23

A form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that views depression and other psychopathology as the product of certain cognitive phenomena including dysfunctional cognitive schemas, automatic thoughts, and cognitive distortions. Is referred to as "collaborative empiricism" because of its emphasis on the collaborative relationship between therapist and client. The therapist uses Socratic dialogue (questioning) in order to help the client reach logical conclusions about a problem and its consequences

Answer 24

Measure of the depth of a person's depression (the severity of his complaints, symptoms, and concerns). May be used with individuals age 13 and older with at least an 8th-grade reading level

Answer 25

A recurring compulsion by an individual to engage in a specific activity (e.g., shopping) despite harmful consequences, as identified by the person, to his/her physical health, psychological or emotional well-being, and/or social functioning

Answer 26

The behavioral approach to family and marital therapy addresses the following goals (A) increase the couple's recognition and initiation of pleasurable interactions (B) decreasing the couple's aversive interactions (negative exchanges) (C) teaching the couple effective problem-solving and communication skills and (D) teaching the couple to use a contingency contract to resolve persisting problems

Answer 27

Technique used to help a client learn a new behavior so that he can better cope with a specific interpersonal situation such as a job interview. Relies on role-playing, modeling, and coaching to provide opportunities to practice the new behavior in a protected environment before trying it out in the real world. As a client practices the behavior, the social worker offers feedback and may demonstrate or model the behavior

Answer 28

A type of anxiolytic (anti anxiety drug). More effective for alleviating anticipatory anxiety than panic symptoms. Side-effects include drowsiness, ataxia, slurred speech, and other signs of CNS depression. Abrupt cessation can cause rebound hyperexcitability

Answer 29

Propranolol and other beta-blockers block or diminish the cardiovascular excitatory response to the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. They are used to treat cardiovascular disorders, glaucoma, and migraine headache and are also useful for reducing the physical symptoms of anxiety. Common side-effects of propranolol include bradycardia, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, decreased sexual ability, and trouble sleeping

Answer 30

Binge-eating disorder is diagnosed in the presence of repeated episodes of binge eating that occur, on average, at least once a week for three months and are associated with three or more of the following: eating much more quickly than normal; eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry; eating alone due to feeling embarrassed by how much one is eating; feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty after an episode. Binge-eating disorder does not include the recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior (e.g. purging, excessive exercise) seen in bulimia nervosa

Answer 31

The philosophical study of ethical controversies arising from advances in biology and medicine. The field addresses such issues as debates over the boundaries of life (e.g. abortion, euthanasia), surrogacy, the allocation of scarce health-care resources, experimentation with human subjects, behavioral control (e.g. through the use of psychotropic medications), and the right to turn down medical care for religious or cultural reasons

Answer 32

Assumes that biophysical, psychological, and social factors all play an important role in human functioning and encourages social workers to consider and integrate a broad of range of influences when evaluating a client's development and behavior at all levels (individual, family, community, etc.) and to examine a client's appraisals of these influences and reactions to them in terms of physiology, emotion, cognition, and behavior

Answer 33

A diagnosis of bipolar I disorder requires at least one manic episode that lasts for at least one week, is present most of the day nearly every day, and includes at least three characteristic symptoms (e.g, inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, flight of ideas). Symptoms must cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning, require hospitalization to avoid harm to self or others, or include psychotic features. This disorder may include one or more hypomanic episodes or major depressive episodes. Treatment usually includes lithium or an anti-seizure medication and cognitive-behavior therapy or other form of therapy

Answer 34

A diagnosis of bipolar II disorder requires at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode. A hypomanic episode lasts for at least four consecutive days and involves at least three symptoms that are also associated with a manic episode but are not severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning or require hospitalization. A major depressive episode lasts for at least two weeks and involves at least five characteristic symptoms, at least one of which must be a depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure

Answer 35

System of disbursing funds that permits the recipient to determine how best to distribute the money

Answer 36

A group of people authorized to establish an agency's objectives and policies and oversee the activities of agency personnel who have day-to-day responsibility for implementing those policies. In a private or voluntary social agency, the board of directors has ultimate responsibility for the agency's programmatic and financial operations. In public agencies, a board has less power and takes on more of an advisory or administrative role

Answer 37

The essential feature of body dysmorphic disorder is a preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flows in physical appearance that are not observable or appear minor to others. In addition, at some point, the person has engaged in repetitive behaviors (e.g. mirror checking, excessive grooming, skin picking) or mental acts (e.g. comparing his appearance with that of others) in response to these concerns

Answer 38

The essential feature of borderline personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, and marked impulsivity. At least five characteristic symptoms must be present (e.g. frantic efforts to avoid abandonment; pattern of unstable, intense interpersonal relationships that are marked by fluctuations between idealization and devaluation; an identity disturbance involving a persistent instability in self-image or sense of self; recurrent suicide threats or gestures; transient stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms)

Answer 39

The barriers between family members, between subsystems, and between the family and the environment that determine how much contact is permitted. For structural family therapists, family dysfunction is related to boundary problems - i.e. boundaries that are overly rigid (disengaged) or overly permeable (enmeshed)

Answer 40

Brief psychotic disorder characterized by the presence of one or more of four characteristics symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior) with at least one symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. Symptoms are present for at least one day but less than one month with an eventual return to full premorbid functioning

Answer 41

A social worker role that involves linking clients with the resources they need. To perform this role effectively, workers must be familiar with community resources and their eligibility criteria

Answer 42

Bronfenbrenner described development as involving interactions between the individual and his context, or environment, and his ecological model describes the context in terms of five environmental systems or levels; microsystem, mesosystem, ecosystem, microsystem, and chronosystem

Answer 43

U.S. Supreme Court decision that racial segregation of public schools was illegal; the ruling declared that the "separate but equal" interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment was unconstitutional

Answer 44

The hypothesis that lower susceptibility to stress, greater life satisfaction, and other positive outcomes are associated with a perception that none has adequate social support

Answer 45

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by (A) recurrent episodes of binge eating that are accompanied by a sense of a lack of control; (B) inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain (e.g. self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise); and (C) self-evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape and weight. Treatment usually includes nutritional counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and in some cases, antidepressants

Answer 46

A highly rational, stable, and predictable organizational structure that consists of different units that are hierarchically arranged (delegation of authority), with each unit performing a specialized function according to clearly defined rules (division of labor)

Answer 47

Strategy used to gain support and acceptance for community or organizational change. Is used when the target system needs to be convinced of the importance of the change or to allocate resources but communication is still possible between the action and target systems. Related tactics include education, persuasion, co-optation, lobbying, and mass media appeal. See also collaboration (Macro Change) and contest

Answer 48

A payment method for health-care services in which a fixed payment is made at regular intervals to a medical provider by a managed care organization for an enrolled patient. Generally, the physician, hospital, or other health-care provider is paid a contracted rate for each member assigned (referred to as "per-member-per-month" rate) regardless of the number or nature of services provided. The contractual rates are usually adjusted for age, gender, illness, and regional differences

Answer 49

The provision of counsel, support, information, and linkage of resources to individuals deciding on a career or wishing to make changes in their current employment. Offers individuals help in recognizing their strengths and weaknesses and gives information about available opportunities. Is offered by social workers, personnel and guidance counselors, and other professionals

Answer 50

A form of advocacy that involves working with and on behalf of a client to ensure that the client receives the services and benefits to which he is entitled and that the services are delivered in a way that protect his dignity

Answer 51

Paraprofessional member of a social work team who helps a social worker provide client services (e.g. contacts the client's family for information). Typically develops proficiency with particular functions

Answer 52

Agency and organizational procedure in which professionals working with a client meet to discuss his case. Typically involves a discussion of the client's problem, prognosis, and treatment. In addition to professionals working on the case, a case conference may include other professionals who have knowledge or expertise about the client's problem and friends and family members of the client

Answer 53

Outreach approach in which social workers seek and identify individuals or groups who are vulnerable to or are experiencing the problems for which their social agency has responsibility to provide services or other forms of assistance

Answer 54

Used to describe what the client and his situation are like, to explain why they are the way they are, and to provide a basis for intervention planning. Concerned with not only naming the client's problem but also understanding the problem within the context of the client's life. The categories used to organize information for case formulations usually include (A) symptoms and problems, (B) precipitating stressors or events, (C) predisposing life events or stressors, and (D) a mechanism that links the first three categories together and offers an explanation of the precipitants and maintaining influences of the client's problems

Answer 55

Involves coordinating the activities of all providers who are serving the needs of one client. The goal is to ensure that the providers' services are consistent, additive, non duplicative, and pursuing the same goals. Occurs both between and within organizations

Answer 56

A procedure used to identify, plan, access, coordinate, and monitor services from different social agencies and staff on behalf of a client. Clients needing case management services usually have multiple problems that require assistance from multiple providers, several problems that need to be addressed at the same time, and special difficulties in seeking and using help effectively

Answer 57

A general term used to describe an in-depth investigation of a single individual, family, organization, etc. A shortcoming is that their results might not be generalizable to other cases

Answer 58

A way of viewing social systems. Proposes that they change so much and so often that they appear chaotic - there is extreme conflict in the system and a lack of order and predictability, and it can be difficult to determine the system's future direction

Answer 59

The geographic area served by a social agency

Answer 60

Theory that attributes depression to deficient norepinephrine and mania to excessive norepinephrine

Answer 61

State welfare programs for particular groups of people identified in the Social Security Act (e.g. the disabled, needy)

Answer 62

Individuals who are automatically eligible for certain welfare benefits without a means test because they fit certain predetermined criteria

Answer 63

The healthful (therapeutic) release of ideas through "talking out" conscious material, accompanied by an appropriate emotional reaction. Also, the release into awareness of repressed ("forgotten") material from the unconscious

Answer 64

Work on behalf of groups of people who lack the resources or ability to advocate for themselves

Answer 65

The concentration of the administrative power of a group, organization, or political body

Answer 66

Networks in which all communication must pass through a central person or position within the organization. These networks work best for simple tasks

Answer 67

The nerve cells, fibers, and tissues that make up the spinal cord and brain

Answer 68

A family in which sources of gratification are seen as existing outside rather than inside the family. Children are expelled from the family in a way that results in premature separation. Centrifugal forces are forces in a family that push the members apart

Answer 69

A family that believes family members hold a greater promise for the fulfillment of crucial relationship needs than the outside world. The outside world appears threatening and separation is, therefore, difficult. This style binds children to the family. Centripetal forces are forces that keep family members together

Answer 70

The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. Involved in higher-order sensory, emotional, motor, and intellectual activities. Divided into two hemispheres (right & left), with each containing four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

Answer 71

The process by which a series of related and simple behaviors (responses) are tied together to form a more complex behavior - i.e., each response in the series acts as both a secondary reinforcer for the preceding response and a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain. Skinner believed that chaining explains the acquisition of complex behaviors

Answer 72

Side-effects (which may or may not be desired or planned) that always occur when macro practitioners bring about change in community structures. Community workers usually incorporate ways of dealing with change residue into their change plans

Answer 73

A process associated with case management in which social agency staff direct clients to relevant programs in the community for additional or supplementary services during the helping process

Answer 74

A theory concerned with the way systems change over time. It focuses on feedback systems that, despite their underlying simplicity, demonstrate complicated and unpredictable behavior. Underlying this unpredictability is a "sensitive dependence on initial conditions" (butterfly effect), which refers to the fact that future events in complex systems can be affected in profound ways by minor variations that take place early in an interaction - in other words, a seemingly minor initial event can produce profound effects later on

Answer 75

Social, residential, medical, legal, and custodial care services given to children whose parent or other caregiver is not meeting their needs. Social workers who work in government agencies often help law enforcement personnel with investigations to find out if children need these services and help children get the services when they need them. The social workers may also provide the services themselves. In most states, the child protective service (CPS) unit of the Department of Social Services, Department of Human Resources, or Department of Public Welfare is the primary agency responsible for decisions related to the prevention, investigation, and treatment of child abuse and neglect. The foremost goal of services provided by CPS units is the protection of abused and neglected children

Answer 76

The non-linear, repetitive nature of interactions in families and other organized systems in which events are related through a series of interacting loops or repeating cycles

Answer 77

Questions designed to help family members identify differences in their perspectives in order to increase their understanding of events or circumstances so they can derive solutions to their own problems

Answer 78

A helping skill used in response to vague or unclear client messages. Using this skill is appropriate when the social worker doesn't understand a client's message, would like the client to become more explicit, or wishes to check his understanding of a client's message

Answer 79

In classical conditioning, a neutral (conditioned) stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus alone eventually elicits the response that is naturally produced by the unconditioned stimulus. In Pavlov's original studies, the meat powder was the unconditioned stimulus (US) and salivation was the unconditioned response (UR). A tone was the conditioned stimulus (CS). As the result of pairing the tone with he meat powder, the tone eventually elicited salvation - the conditioned response (CR)

Answer 80

The gradual elimination of a classically conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. Often, an extinguished response shows spontaneous recovery (i.e. it recurs following extinction)

Answer 81

Techniques developed specifically for a particular client and used to assess the extent of his problem, follow his progress during treatment, and determine when intervention can be terminated. Include individualized rating scales, goal attainment scales, and client logs

Answer 82

Interview questions that elicit responses that provide either factual information or a simple "yes" or "no". Used primarily in the latter portion of an interview to obtain missing factual data

Answer 83

Therapy group that begins and ends with the same membership, and usually has a pre-set termination date. Impractical for long-term therapy but commonly used in short-term, task-oriented forms of group work

Answer 84

An alliance of organizations or other groups brought together to achieve a common goal. May be "ad hoc" (organized to address a single issue only), semipermanent (organized around longer-range goals), or permanent

Answer 85

Proposes that children initially learn aggressive behaviors from their parents who rarely reinforce prosocial behaviors, use harsh discipline, reward their children's aggressiveness with approval and attention and that, over time, aggressive parent-child interactions escalate. Patterson and colleagues developed a parent intervention designed to stop this coercive cycle by teaching parents child-management skills and providing them with therapy to help them cope more effectively with stress

Answer 86

A source of power for supervisors and other leaders involving the ability to control tangible punishments (demotion, poor performance rating, etc.) and psychic punishments (criticism, disapproval). See also bases of social power

Answer 87

Festinger's theory of attitude change that proposes that inconsistencies in cognitions produce discomfort (dissonance), which motivates the individual to reduce the dissonance, often by changing his cognitions

Answer 88

Techniques used to help clients manage their emotional reactions and behave more effectively through modifying their distorted cognitions or errors in logic, particularly their distorted interpretations of reality. The use of these techniques is based on theory underlying the cognitive therapies which assumes that how people interpret and think about an event or experience (their self-talk) gives rise to an emotional reaction, which, in turn, gives rise to behavior

Answer 89

The effects of being part of a group (cohort) that was born at a particular time and, as a result, was exposed to unique educational, cultural, and other experiences. Cohort effects can confound the results of a cross-sectional study since any observed differences between age groups might be due to these effects rather than to differences in age only

Answer 90

In social work administration, an agreement (joint venture) in which two or more agencies agree to work together to set up and operate a new program or service

Answer 91

Involves two or more other professionals working together to serve a client (individual, family, or group). The professionals may work together as part of a single helping team or work relatively independently of one another while making sure to communicate and coordinate their respective efforts in order to prevent a duplication of services

Answer 92

Strategy used to gain support and acceptance for community or organizational change. Is used when there is a working relationship in which the action and target systems agree that change must occur, and the target system supports the allocation of resources. Related tactics include implementation and capacity building (e.g. empowerment). See also campaign and contest

Answer 93

Treatment format in which two or more social workers (or other therapists) each treat a single member of a family and coordinate their efforts

Answer 94

An organized effort that includes many people and attempts to effect political, economic, or cultural change

Answer 95

In regard to social policy, an ideology that assumes that some individual choice must be limited to better serve the common good

Answer 96

Assumes that groups connect and mutually obligate individuals - the personal is subordinate to the larger social group or context. A person with this worldview (A) emphasizes family life over personal self-concept; (B) does not connect his sense of well-being to a sense of personal control; (C) attributes events or behaviors to situational factors; (D) sees events in terms of what he believes the expectations of others might be; (E) prefers indirect, high-context communication; and (F) in conflict situation, prefers an accommodation and negotiation approach

Answer 97

Intervention model in which a client participates concurrently in both individual therapy and group therapy

Answer 98

Groups of professional peers and others who look into alleged ethical violations, illegal activities, or other disputes between professionals or between professionals and clients and attempt to determine if any wrong-doing has been committed

Answer 99

All of the important individuals and organizations in a community who have formal or informal power to decide on the actions taken by the community. Its membership may include political leaders, industrial leaders, religious groups, and civic associations

Answer 100

Community organizing efforts made by professionals and community members to improve social ties among residents of a community, motivate residents for self-help, develop reliable local leadership, and create or restore local institutions. Relies on a grass-roots, non bureaucratic approach that emphasizes community solidarity. Efforts are purposeful and involve a clear strategy and set of activities. Associated interventions include social action, public education, national and local planning, and community organizing

Answer 101

A non place community in which people are united by common interest, values, and commitments or brought together based on their shared ethnicity, race, religion, sexual orientation, social class, ideology, lifestyle, profession, or workplace

Answer 102

A type of macro (indirect) practice used to help individuals and groups resolve social problems and improve social welfare through organized collective action. Key objectives are to help community members achieve social justice and economic and social development and to develop the capacity of community members to help themselves. The individuals or groups who are helped have common interests or are from the same geographic region. Community organizing models include social planning, social action, and locality or community development

Answer 103

Entails having community members, including volunteers, become involved in decision-making, planning, and working with professionals and agency personnel. Control and responsibility are decentralized from national, state, or local organizations to community groups and individuals

Answer 104

The facts about a case that are credible, persuasive, and sound as well as admissible in a court of law. Competent evidence is different from information given by an expert witness, who gives opinions and information to the best of his knowledge

Answer 105

Communication occurring between participants who are unequal and that emphasizes their differences (e.g. communication between a dominant and a subordinate participant)

Answer 106

Dyadic relationships based on differences that fit together. In other words, the tendency of member A in a relationship is enhanced by the tendency of member B. For example, A's submissiveness may be complemented by B's dominance and vice versa

Answer 107

Occurs when a person changes his behavior in order to obtain a reward or avoid a punishment. Compliance is public and does not involve a private change in opinions or attitudes. Reward and coercive power tend to produce compliance and a change in behavior, particularly when a person knows he is being observed. See also bases of social power; identification (social influence): and internalization

Answer 108

Repetitious and deliberate behaviors or mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform either in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. The goal of compulsive acts is to reduce distress or prevent a dreaded situation from happening, but the acts are either excessive or are not connected in a logical way to this goal. The individual may attempt to resist a compulsion but experiences anxiety and tension as the result of doing so

Answer 109

Third stage in Piaget's model of cognitive development (age 7 to 11 years). During this stage, children acquire logical operations and use logic to reason about concrete events or situations. Children at this stage can conserve

Answer 110

Treatment format in which a social worker sees different members of a family or client system separately in individual sessions. This intervention model is used most commonly in couples therapy to encourage the clients to reveal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that they might not feel able to disclose in the presence of their spouses

Answer 111

In classical conditioning, a response that is elicited by a conditional stimulus (CS) as the result of pairing the CS with an unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned response is similar to , but not identical to, the unconditioned response (it is usually weaker in strength or magnitude)

Answer 112

In classical conditioning, the previously neutral stimulus that, as the result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, now elicits a conditioned response (CR)

Answer 113

The diagnosis of conduct disorder requires a persistent pattern of behavior that violates the basic rights of others and/or age-appropriate social norms or rules as evidenced by the presence of at least three characteristic symptoms during the past 12 months and at least one symptom in the past six months. Symptoms are divided into four categories: aggression to people and animals; destruction of property; deceitfulness or theft; and serious violation of rules. The disorder cannot be assigned to individuals over age 18 who meet the criteria for antisocial personality disorder

Answer 114

Fabrication of experiences or situations in order to fill in and cover up gaps in memory

Answer 115

The ethical duty to protect from disclosure and information about a client, research or evaluation subject, supervised, employee, etc., obtained during the course of a professional relationship. A social worker can disclose confidential information, when appropriate, with valid consent from a client or a person legally authorized to consent on behalf of a client. In addition, the assumption that a social worker will keep information confidential does not apply when the worker needs to disclose certain information to prevent serious, foreseeable, and imminent harm to a client or another identifiable person or when laws or regulations require the worker to disclose certain information without a client's consent. Confidential information includes the identity of the client, content of things said by the client, professional opinions about the client, and material form the client's records

Answer 116

Community organizing technique used to compel community members to actively debate issues or value differences and form new coalitions. The social worker brings up issues and differences directly to motivate group members to work on them

Answer 117

Respectful and gentle efforts to help a client recognize that he is using distortions, deceptions, denials, avoidance, or manipulations that are getting in the way of desired change. The social worker challenges and invites the client to examine a thought or behavior that is self-defeating or harmful to others and to take action to change it. Efforts to confront a client generally emphasize factors that the social worker believes are contributing to the client's problems and preventing the client from making progress

Answer 118

Communication in which two or more messages are sent via different levels (e.g., verbally and nonverbally) but none of the messages seriously contradicts any of the others

Answer 119

Treatment format in which a social worker (or other therapist) treats a family or couple by meeting with the family members or partners together for regular sessions. Sometimes, conjoint therapy is provided by a team of therapists rather than by only a single therapist

Answer 120

Scales used to evaluate behaviors and other concerns in youth ages 8 to 18. In contrast to its predecessor (Conners' Rating Scales-Revised), offers a more thorough assessment of ADHD and addresses comorbid disorders, such as oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. The Conners 3 includes parent rating scales (Conners 3-P), teacher rating scales (Conners 3-T), and self-report rating scales (Conners 3-SR)

Answer 121

Associated with all levels of social work practice (macro, mezzo, and micro). Refers to using mutual agreement as the criteria for defining what is true, Often used to define goals and assess progress toward goal achievement

Answer 122

The ability to recognize that certain properties of an object or substance do not change when its appearance is altered in a superficial way (e.g., when a liquid is poured from a short, fat glass into a tall, thin one, the ability to recognize that the amount of liquid has not changed). The ability to conserve develops gradually during the concrete operational stage and is due to the emergence of decantation and reversibility.

Answer 123

A dimension of leadership behavior that refers to the amount of warmth, concern, rapport, and support displayed by the leader. Leaders high in consideration are person-oriented and concerned with the expressive aspects of the job. Leaders who communicate both support (expressive) and high performance expectations (instrumental) are likely to have the most effective work groups. See also initiating structure

Answer 124

A process in which a human services professional assists a consultee with a work-related problem within a client system. The goal is to help both the consultee and the client system in some specified way. Several principles guide consultation: First, consultation always has a problem-solving (educational) function. Second, a consultant has no administrative authority over staff members, and a consultee may turn down the consultant's suggestions. The determining factor is the value of the consultant's idea not his status as a consultant. Third, consultation relies on the quality of the relationship between the consultant and consultee. Thus, a consultant must be skilled at developing and maintaining relationships with consultees. Consultation is used by most social workers on an as-needed basis

Answer 125

Research by Harlow with rhesus monkeys indicated that a baby's attachment to his mother is due, in part, to contact comfort, or the pleasant tactile sensation that is provided by a soft, cuddly parent

Answer 126

Proposes that prejudice may be reduced through contact between members of the majority and minority groups as long as certain conditions are met (e.g., members of the different groups have equal status and power and are provided with opportunities that disconfirm their negative stereotypes about members of the other group)

Answer 127

Strategy used to gain support and acceptance for community or organizational change. Is used when there is deep disagreement or conflict between the action and target systems. Related tactics are confrontational and include bargaining and negotiation, large group or community action, and class action lawsuits. See also collaboration (macro change) and contest

Answer 128

A type of contingency management that involves a formal written agreement between two or more people (e.g., between therapist and client, parent and child, teacher and students) that clearly defines the behaviors that are to be modified and the rewards and punishments that will follow performance of those behaviors. Behavioral change may be required by one or all parties to the contract

Answer 129

Management theory suggesting that different organizational approaches can be appropriate depending on the circumstances faced by an organization. The key issue is not how closely an organization follows a certain model but rather how well it structures itself to accommodate to its unique environment (i.e. an organization's structure and leadership are "contingent" on a variety of factors that are specific to that organization)

Answer 130

The cooperative functioning of an organization (or a group of related organizations) to ensure that clients are provided with the services they need without repetition of services from various departments or facilities

Answer 131

In operant conditioning, providing reinforcement after each emission of the target response. Associated with rapid acquisition of a response and susceptibility to extinction

Answer 132

According to Kohlberg, the stage of moral development in which moral judgments are based on adherence to authority. Includes the "good boy/girl" and "law and order" stages. Is characteristic of most adolescents and adults

Answer 133

The symptoms of conversion disorder involve disturbances in voluntary motor or sensory functioning and suggest a serious neurological or other medical condition (e.g., paralysis, seizures, blindness, loss of pain sensation) with evidence of an incompatibility between the symptoms and recognized neurological or medical conditions

Answer 134

Tactic used to manage opposition to change by absorbing target system members and other opponents into the action system. Once people become part of the action system, they are likely to assume some "ownership" of the change effort. Co-opting individuals is called "informal co-optation"; and co-opting an organized group is called "formal Co-optation". Formal co-optation of a number of groups leads to coalition building

Answer 135

Condition of an insurance policy that requires the patient to contribute to the cost of the service he receives. Typically, the policy holder must pay a percentage of the service fee, and the insurance company pays the balance

Answer 136

A coping strategy is a deliberate and conscious effort to solve a problem or handle personal distress, while an ego defense mechanism is an habitual, unconscious maneuver used to avoid facing a problem

Answer 137

A numerical index of the relationship (degree of association) between two of more variables. The magnitude of the coefficient indicates the strength of the relationship; its sign indicates the direction (positive or negative)

Answer 138

Management/budgeting plan involving an evaluation of programs and services based on the cost of the program. The results of this analysis help the organization determine if programs are worthwhile

Answer 139

Budgeting technique that quantitatively evaluates different program alternatives. The cost effective analysis (CEA) component evaluates the costs and benefits of a given program approach. The answer is a "cost-benefit ratio" ( the cost over the benefit). A program's cost-benefit ratio is then compared to the cost-benefit ratios of other program alternatives to determine which approach is most cost effective

Answer 140

Involves estimating in advance all of the costs associated with a plan or program that seeks to meet a specified goal. Also called "costing out"

Answer 141

Budgeting system that involves dividing the cost of various resources between different organizations (e.g., two schools might share the cost of one social worker who will spend time in both facilities). Allows organizations to use services that they might not otherwise be able to afford

Answer 142

In classical conditioning, the elimination of a response by pairing the response or associated stimuli with a stimulus that naturally elicits an incompatible and more desirable response

Answer 143

A set of conscious or unconscious emotional reactions to a client experienced by a therapist, usually in a clinical setting. Freud considered countertransference to be detrimental to psychoanalysis and believed that a therapist must always be aware of any countertransference feelings to ensure that they do not interfere with the progress of treatment. Current forms of psychotherapy view countertransference as a helpful tool in gaining understanding of a client's process. Social workers should seek consultation when doing so is necessary to prevent countertransference-related problems, such as a loss of objectivity, from interfering with treatment

Answer 144

A "critical period" is a time during which an organism is especially susceptible to positive and negative environmental influences. A "sensitive period" is more flexible than a critical period and is not limited to a specific chronological age. Some aspects of human development may depend on critical periods, but, for many human characteristics and behaviors, sensitive periods are probably more applicable

Answer 145

Technique for collecting and displaying data that provides several perspectives on a single population at a specific point in time; it does not reveal changes over time. The data collection may sometimes be "retrospective", which involves asking people to reflect back on their past experiences and attitudes

Answer 146

Studies conducted to assess the effects of aging and/or developmental changes over time (e.g., to assess the effects of age on IQ). Involves comparing groups of individuals representing different age groups or developmental levels at the same point in time. Cohort effects are a possible confound when conducting these studies

Answer 147

Used to assess the effects of aging and/or developmental changes over time. Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal methodologies by assessing members of two or more age groups at two or more different times

Answer 148

Refers to the tendency of therapists and counselors to interpret everyone's reality through their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes.

Answer 149

Term used to describe appropriate mistrust and suspiciousness of African-American toward whites resulting from racism and oppression. In therapy, may be a cause of nondisclosure

Answer 150

A three-stage cycle of violence that describes many abusive spousal/partner relationships. Includes tension building, acute battering incident, and loving-contrition ("honeymoon")

Answer 151

Cyclothymic disorder involves fluctuating hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode, with symptoms lasting for at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents

Answer 152

The delegation of responsibilities and activities by the leadership level of an organization to lower-level organization members who are closer to the problem or activity

Answer 153

Networks in which information flows freely between people in an organization without going through a central person. These networks work well for complex tasks

Answer 154

In an agency, the use of computers to collect and organize information and make decisions from among specified choices. A computer program uses a predefined set of facts and rules to determine the best decision, and an administrator then either agrees with or rejects the computer's decision

Answer 155

For psychoanalysts, mental strategies that operate unconsciously, deny or distort reality, and are employed by the ego to reduce anxiety arising from the discrepant demands of the id, the superego, and reality. Include, among others, repression, reaction formation, and sublimation

Answer 156

All people use defense mechanisms to cope with anxiety, stress, and problems of living, but defensiveness can interfere with a person's ability to accurately perceive reality and get along with others. Rigid or excessive use of defenses impedes realistic problem solving, and very high levels of defensiveness and distortions of reality are characteristic of personality disturbances

Answer 157

A conscious effort by a client to convince a clinician that he is better off than is really the case

Answer 158

A state of relative anonymity that allows group members to feel unidentifiable. Has been associated with increases in antisocial behaviors, apparently because the deindividuated person's behavior is no longer controlled by guilt, fear of evaluation, or other inhibitory controls

Answer 159

A diagnosis of delirium requires (A) a disturbance in attention and awareness that develops over a short period of time, represents a change from baseline functioning, and tends to fluctuate in severity over the course of a day and (B) an additional disturbance in cognition (e.g., impaired memory, disorientation, impaired language, deficits in visuospatial ability, perceptual distortions). Symptoms must not be due to another neurocognitive disorder and must not occur during a severely reduced level of arousal (e.g., during a coma), and there must be evidence that symptoms are the direct physiological consequence of a medical condition, substance intoxication or withdrawal, and/or exposure to a toxin

Answer 160

Delusional disorder involves one or more delusions that last at least one month. Overall psychosocial functioning is not markedly impaired, and any impairment is directly related to the delusions. The DSM-5 distinguishes between the following subtypes: erotomania, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic, mixed, and unspecified

Answer 161

False beliefs that are firmly held despite what other people believe and/or the existence of clear and indisputable evidence to the contrary

Answer 162

Cues in an experimental situation that inform research participants of how they are expected to behave during the course of the study. Demand characteristics threaten a study's internal and external validity

Answer 163

A defense mechanism in which an individual admits that an anxiety-evoking impulse, thought, etc., exists but denies that it is personally relevant. A relatively primitive defense mechanism related to a child's faith in the magical power of thoughts and words

Answer 164

Dependent personality disorder involves a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive, clinging behavior and a fear of separation as manifested by at least five symptoms (e.g. has difficulty making decisions without advice and reassurance from others, fears disagreeing with others because it might lead to a loss of support, has difficulty initiating projects on his own, goes to great lengths to gain nurturance and support from others, is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to care for himself

Answer 165

The variable that is observed and measured in a research study and is believed to be affected in some way by the independent variable. In direct practice evaluation, the client's functioning is considered the dependent variable

Answer 166

Research conducted to describe behavior rather than to test hypotheses about behavior. Includes observational techniques, surveys and questionnaires, archival research, and case studies

Answer 167

May be used to obtain measures on dependent variables at different points in time and to estimate client satisfaction with programs and to conduct needs assessments. In program evaluation, relies on representative sampling and is used to obtain explicit, quantitative data that can be generalized to other populations. Subjects participate in an interview or fill out a questionnaire and then data from these are analyzed using descriptive and correlational statistics

Answer 168

A term used to explain the process of Bowen's therapy. Bowen believed that when a two-person relationship becomes too intense or too distant, the opposing members seek to join with the same person against the other, forcing this third party to alternate loyalties between the two. Triangulation stabilizes the system and, therefore, perpetuates the family's pathology. According to Bowen, focusing on this stabilizing process is sometimes more effective for bringing about change than an emphasis an presenting issues.

Answer 169

A disorder involving a build up of glucose in the blood as the result of hypoinsulinism. Forms of diabetes include type 1, type 2, and gestational (developing during pregnancy). Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder. Its symptoms develop quickly and may include increased thirst and urination, constant hunger, weight loss, blurred vision, extreme fatigue, apathy, confusion, and mental dullness. Type 1 diabetes occurs most often in children and young adults. In type 2 diabetes, symptoms develop gradually and may include fatigue, nausea, frequent urination, increased thirst, weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, slow healing of wounds, and cognitive symptoms similar to those occurring in type 1. Type 2 diabetes is associated with obesity, family history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, low levels of physical activity, and older age. Due to increase rates of obesity among young people, however, type 2 diabetes is becoming more common among children, adolescents, and young adults.

Answer 170

When using the DSM-5, diagnostic uncertainty about a client's diagnosis is indicated by coding one of the following: Other specified disorder is coded when the clinician wants to indicate the reason why the client's symptoms do not meet the criteria for a specific diagnosis, while unspecified disorder is coded when the clinician does not want to indicate the reason why the client's symptoms do not meet the criteria for a specific diagnosis.

Answer 171

Linehan's (1987) dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was designed as a treatment for borderline personality disorder and incorporates three strategies: (A) group skills training to help clients regulate their emotions and improve their social and coping skills; (B) individual outpatient therapy to strengthen clients' motivation and newly-acquired skills; and (C) telephone consultations to provide additional support and between-sessions coaching. Research has confirmed that it reduces premature termination from therapy, psychiatric hospitalizations, and parasuicidal behaviors

Answer 172

A model of certain mental disorders that attributes them to a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental stress factors

Answer 173

Differential reinforcement (e.g. DRA, DRO, and DRI) is an operant technique that combines positive reinforcement and extinction. During a specified period of time, the individual is reinforced when he engages in behaviors other than the target behavior. The alternative behaviors are reinforced, while the target behavior is extinguished

Answer 174

For extended family systems (Brownian) therapists, the separation of an individual's intellectual and emotional functioning from that of his family members. Allows the individual to resist being overwhelmed by the family's emotional states

Answer 175

The deterioration in the relationships between children and their parents following divorce. Following divorce, mothers and fathers spend less time with their children, are less sensitive to their children, have trouble separating their own needs from the needs of the children, and are often inconsistent, but more restrictive and demanding, in terms of control and punishment

Answer 176

Involves questioning a client directly about his intent to commit suicide with an emphasis on three indicators that directly suggest an elevated and more imminent risk of a suicide attempt - intent, plan, and means. Risk to life is highest when a client has both a concrete, lethal suicide plan and the means available to carry it out

Answer 177

Social work activities, such as individual therapy, family therapy, and group therapy, in which treatment goals are reached through personal contact and direct influence with clients

Answer 178

In direct practice, four systems are critical to a successful planned change process: (A) The change agent system includes the social worker and , as relevant, his agency. (B) The client system is the person (or group) who has requested the social worker's/agency's services and expects to benefit from what they do. (C) The target system is the person, group, or organization that needs to change and is targeted for change so that the client will benefit from the intervention. In direct practice, the client system and the target system are often the same. (D) The action system includes all of the people, groups, and organizations that the social worker (i.e., change agent system) works with or through in order to influence the target system and help the client system to achieve the desired outcome

Answer 179

A form of categorical assistance. Involves the provision of cash, products, and/or services to an individual who is unable to perform certain activities due to a mental or physical condition. For example, DI an SSI

Answer 180

Social security program that provides for the economic needs of individuals who can no longer earn an income because of chronic disability or incapacity. The disability must be expected to last for at least a year or to result in death. Others who may qualify for DI include individuals with HIV infection and disabled children. Pays benefits to individuals and certain members of their family if they are insured (individuals are insured if they have worked long enough and paid social security taxes)

Answer 181

"power-assertive" discipline (punishment) includes physical punishment, threat of punishment, and physical efforts to control a child's behavior. It tends to increase children's aggressive tendencies. "love withdrawal" involves withdrawing love when a child's behavior is considered inappropriate. Children of parents who apply this strategy tend to be excessively anxious and to have difficulty expressing their emotions. "induction" involves using explanation and rationality to influence a child's behaviors and provides him with opportunities to learn how to exercise self-control and develop internal moral standards. Compared to children who are punished, these children tend to be more thoughtful and generous toward others

Answer 182

Discrimination refers to behaviors such as unequal treatment, while prejudice refers to attitudes, which may or may not include behavioral manifestations

Answer 183

With disengagement, boundaries are too rigid, not allowing adequate communication between subsystems; and with enmeshment, boundaries are overly diffuse, allowing too much communication with other subsystems. In contrast, healthy boundaries are optimally permeable: They protect the integrity of a subsystem while also allowing interaction between subsystems and can adapt to the changing needs of the family system

Answer 184

Disinhibited social engagement disorder is characterized by a pattern of behavior that involves inappropriate interactions with unfamiliar adults as evidenced by at least two symptoms (e.g., reduced or absence of reticence in approaching or interacting with unfamiliar adults, overly familiar behavior with unfamiliar adults). The child must have a developmental age of at least 9 months and have experienced extreme insufficient care that is believed to be the cause of the disturbed behavior

Answer 185

A defense mechanism. Involves the transfer of an instinctual drive from its original target to a less threatening target so that the drive can be more safely expressed

Answer 186

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder involves: (A) severe recurrent temper outbursts that are displayed verbally and/or behaviorally and occur, on average, three or more times per week; and (B) a mood that is persistently irritable or angry between the outbursts. The temper outbursts and mood symptoms have been present for 12 or more months and occur in at least two of three settings (i.e., at home, at school, with peers). The diagnosis cannot be assigned for the first time before age 6 or after age 18, and the symptoms must have an onset before age 10. If criteria for both disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and oppositional defiant disorder are met, only the diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder should be given. And, while bipolar I and bipolar II disorder are episodic conditions (include discrete periods of mood disturbance that can be differentiated from how the child usually is), disruptive mod dysregulation disorder is not an episodic condition

Answer 187

A diagnosis of dissociative amnesia requires an inability to recall important personal information that cannot be attributed to ordinary forgetfulness and causes clinically significant distress or impaired functioning. It is often related to exposure to one or more traumatic events. The most common forms of amnesia are localized and selective

Answer 188

Any client disclosure of important or difficult information just as a session is about to end. Some experts believe this behavior reflects an unconscious effort by the client to prolong an interview or set up the therapist for an accusation of indifference. Schulman believes that it reflects either information important to the client that the client has been uncomfortable discussions earlier in the session of important information that the client did raise earlier in the session but that the social worker overlooked

Answer 189

A set of contradictory or logically inconsistent communication from the same person along with an injunction that the receiver of the communications must not comment on their inconsistency. For example, a mother says " I love you" to her child while pushing the child off her lap.

Answer 190

Autosomal disorder usually caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. The cause of 10 to 30 percent of all cases of mild to moderate intellectual disability. Associated with physical abnormalities including slanted, almond-shaped eyes, heart lesions, cataracts, and respiratory defects

Answer 191

Term traditionally used when a client has both a major psychiatric disorder, such as a psychotic or bipolar disorder, and a substance use disorder

Answer 192

Proposes that the social environment includes two sets of influences: The nurturing environment is composed of individuals with whom a person interacts frequently and sometimes in an intimate way, and the sustaining environment includes individuals a person encounters in the wider community and broader society. Ideally, a person is accepted, respected, and supported in both environments

Answer 193

Assessment tool used to depict the location of supports and barriers or problems that affect a client's interactions with his social environment. Allows you and the client to identify areas of strength that might be resources for change and areas that need to be changed. Also helps you determine whether your intervention should target elements of the client's nurturing environment, sustaining environment, or both

Answer 194

The act of assuming two ("dual") or more ("multiple") roles at the same time or sequentially with a client or former client. Examples include: (A) providing therapy to an employee, friend, or relative, (B) going into business with a client, and (C) becoming friends with a former client. When a dual or multiple relationship exists, there is a risk that the client (or former client) will be exploited, primarily because of the power differential that is a basic part of the social worker-client relationship.

Answer 195

A type of advance directive used to legally designate another person to have the authority to make one's health-care decisions if one becomes too ill or impaired (physically or cognitively) to make one's own decisions or communicate one's medical preferences

Answer 196

Technically refers to the duty to notify the police and to attempt to warn the victim when a client reveals a serious intention to harm a reasonably identifiable individual. The "duty to warn", which is sometimes called the "duty to protect," was first laid out by the Tarasoff decision in California in the 1970's. A subsequent rehearing of Tarasoff established a more flexible "duty of care," which may or may not involve warning the intended victim: That is, to fulfill his "duty to warn," an intended victim, a therapist may warn this person, notify the police, or take other reasonable steps

Answer 197

A federal income tax credit for low-income workers. The credit reduces the amount of tax they owe (if any) and is intended to offset some to the increases in living expenses and social security taxes. Eligible persons who owe no taxes, or whose tax liability is smaller than their tax credit, receive all or part of the EITC as a direct payment. Some workers are prepaid their credits through their employers as "negative withholding" from paychecks. EITC is administered by the Internal Revenue Service as part of its responsibility for collection of federal income taxes

Answer 198

A continuing trend in psychotherapy involving increasing integration of therapeutic techniques drawn from several schools of psychotherapy

Answer 199

Framework combining systems theory and ecological concepts that advocates a transactional view of the person-environment relationship. The transactional view suggests that a person and his environment are engaged in constant circular exchanges in which each is reciprocally shaping and influencing the other over time. Transactions between a person's coping patterns and the qualities of his environment constitute a person-situation duality. In social work, the objective is to help people find ways of meeting their needs (of achieving an adaptive person-environment fit) by connecting them to needed resources and by improving their capacity to use resources and cope with negative environmental influences

Answer 200

Concept pertaining to the physical and biological environment and the interaction of all components. Ecosystems theory is used to describe and analyze people and other living systems and their transactions

Answer 201

Supervision function concerned with providing the training that enables workers to achieve their objectives and the skills that prepare them to perform their jobs effectively and to function more autonomously

Answer 202

Passed in 1975 and mandates that public school education must accommodate the needs of all children. The law guarantees an appropriate free public education to all children ages 3 to 21 who need special education services, including those with physical disabilities, learning disorders, and other disabilities. An individualized educational program (IEP) must be developed for each student with a qualifying disability. The IEP must be written by a team of school personnel (which may include a school social worker) in collaboration with the student's parents and must provide the least restrictive environment for each student - this environment must be as similar as possible to the regular classroom setting taking into account the nature of the student's disability. Additionally, while reliable, valid, and nondiscriminatory psychological tests can be used, assignment to special education classes cannot be made on the basis of IQ test only. Over time, P.L. 94-142 has been amended and, in 1990, it was renamed the individuals with disabilities Education Act, or IDEA. (O.L. 101-476)

Answer 203

The effects of divorce are moderated by several factors including the child's age and gender and the custody arrangements. Preschool children exhibit the most problems immediately after the divorce, but long-term consequences may be worse for children who were in elementary school at the time of the divorce. Boys exhibit more problems than girls initially, but there may be a "sleeper effect" for girls who may develop symptoms in adolescence. Overall, children do best when they reside with the same-sex parent. Negative consequences are reduced when the conflict between parents is minimized

Answer 204

As defined by Freud, the structure of the psyche that attempts to deal with reality in a practical, rational way (secondary process thinking) and that mediates the conflicting demands of the id, the superego, and reality: the "executive function" of the personality. Operates on the basis of the reality principle

Answer 205

Descriptive of impulses, behaviors, wishes, etc., that are unacceptable to the ego, or to the person's ideal conception of self

Answer 206

Include self-regulation and self-control; judgement; reality testing capacity; thought processes (cognitive functioning); capacity for interpersonal relationships (object relations); integrative functioning (synthesis); and defensive functioning (ego defense mechanisms). When healthy ego functions are characteristic of a person's long-term and current functioning (i.e., they don't disappear under conditions of stress), they are associated with effective functioning and a subjective sense of personal well-being. Generally, a social worker evaluates a client's ego functioning as it relates to the problem areas he/she has identified

Answer 207

Descriptive of values, feelings, behaviors, ideas, etc., that are consistent with a person's ego or sense of self; they feel real and acceptable to the consciousness

Answer 208

Physical battering, neglect, psychological or emotional harm, and/or exploitation (e.g., financial) of elderly individuals. Most often inflicted by those responsible for their care (e.g., their adult children, legal custodians, etc.). Two common causes of elder abuse are caregiver stress (a caregiver becomes overwhelmed by the demands of caring for a dependent older person and is then physically abusive in a moment of anger or begins to neglect the older person's needs) and caregiver impairment (the caregiver's mental illness or substance abuse

Answer 209

EMDR was originally developed as an intervention for PTSD. It combines rapid lateral eye movements with exposure and other techniques drawn from cognitive, behavioral, and psychodynamic approaches. Some research suggests that its effectiveness does not depend on rapid eye movements but, instead, on exposure to the feared event

Answer 210

(A.K.A. emotional abuse or neglect, psychological maltreatment) The failure to provide for the appropriate emotional development of a child resulting in psychological damage to the child. May consist of acts of commission or acts of omission. May include verbal or emotional assault; isolation or close confinement; attempted physical assault; exploiting or corrupting the child; withholding necessities from the child as a form of punishment; and withholding emotional responsiveness from the child. Generally the most difficult form of child abuse to identify

Answer 211

Emotion-focused coping is used to reduce one's emotional response to stress, while problem-focused coping is used to deal directly with the source of stress. Usually a person must deal with his/her emotional reactions before moving on to problem-solving, but emotion-focused and task-focused coping often occur simultaneously

Answer 212

A helpful skill that involves first, empathic recognition of the client's feelings, and then, demonstrating through accurate reflection of those feelings one's understanding of the client's inner experiencing. See also additive empathic responding and reciprocal empathic responding

Answer 213

The ability to perceive, understand, and experience the emotional state of another person (Barker, 1987). Empathic responding is used throughout the helping process to develop rapport, maintain a working relationship, and enable social workers to move toward confronting a client's problematic issues. Fundamental to empathic responding is reflecting an understanding and acceptance of not only the client's overtly expressed feelings but also his/her underlying emotions. Can be conveyed through verbal and nonverbal communication

Answer 214

Social work intervention that uses research for practice and problem-solving. The social worker collects data to monitor interventions, makes note of problems, methods, and outcomes in terms that can be measured, and assesses the effectiveness of the interventions used. Methods for empirically assessing interventions are integrated into the social worker's practice and the results are used to guide his/her interventions. Whereas traditional social work applies existing theory to practice, empirically-based social work generates theories through conclusions that are based on observed empirical relationships

Answer 215

Specific psychological treatments that have been shown to be efficacious in controlled clinical trials. The research indicates that ESTs, in general, have the following characteristics: (A) Most ESTs include homework as a component; (B) ESTs generally focus on skill building, not insight or catharsis; (C) ESTs are problem-focused; (D) ESTs incorporate continuous assessment of client progress; and (E) ESTs involve brief treatment contact, requiring 20 or fewer sessions

Answer 216

The process of helping individuals, families, groups, and communities increase their personal, interpersonal, socioeconomic, and political strength and develop influence toward changes in their circumstances

Answer 217

A way of working with clients to help them acquire the personal, interpersonal, and political power they need to take control of their lives and bring about changes in policies, organizations, and public attitudes that are impacting their lives and the lives of their families in negative ways. Before choosing an empowerment strategy, the social worker must make sure that the client has, or is able to learn, the competencies needed to bring about changes in his/her environment and that the client's difficulties are caused primarily by social or political barriers and a lack of resources

Answer 218

A technique used to help clients understand their feelings about themselves or a significant other. Is useful for clarifying issues involved in an interpersonal conflict so that clients can view the conflict in a different light and gain insight into the reasons underlying their own behavior. Using the technique involves placing an empty chair opposite the client, asking the client to explain to the chair (which represents the other person or the situation) his/her perceptions and/or feelings, and then asking the client to sit on the chair (to assume the role of the other person of the situation) and respond to what was just said. The social worker uses interviewing skills to explore the dialogue as it develops

Answer 219

Technique used to create a situation in which you can observe clients' interactions directly. Generally entails asking clients to recreate a past conflict in your presence but can also involve having clients role-play contrived situations to find out how they interact when engaged in common activities such as planning, parenting, and decision-making

Answer 220

Single words, short phrases, or nonverbal gestures that encourage a client to continue talking. They convey an interest in and attention to what the client is saying. Examples include verbal encouragers ("minimal prompts:) such as "I see" or "Please go on"; nonverbal encouragers, which include hand gestures, facial expressions, and nodding one's head; and accent responses, which entail repeating in a questioning or emphatic way a phrase or word the client has used.

Answer 221

Enuresis involves repeated voiding of urine into the bed or clothes at least twice a week for three or more consecutive months. Urination is usually involuntary but can be intentional and is not due to substance use or a medical condition. Enuresis is diagnosed only when the individual is at least 5 years old or the equivalent developmental level. The bell-and-pad (urine alarm) is the most common treatment

Answer 222

A term associated with family systems therapy that states that no matter where one enters the system, the patterning will be the same. According to this concept, different causes can produce the same results; therefore, a therapist studies patterns of behavior and interaction rather than individual topics

Answer 223

According to Piaget, the tendency toward biological and psychological balance. Equilibration underlies cognitive development

Answer 224

The concept in general systems theory that one cause may produce different results

Answer 225

A theory of motivation that predicts that motivation (e.g., motivation to remain in a relationship) is affected by the comparison of input/outcome ratios

Answer 226

Belief that one's own culture, ethnic or racial group, or nation is superior to others

Answer 227

Social service delivery policy in which benefits and services are developed for individuals in a special group (such as war veterans) due to sympathy for the group or political pressure. Eligibility is not necessarily based on need or circumstances

Answer 228

The existential therapies are derived from existential philosophy and share an emphasis on the human conditions of depersonalization, loneliness, and isolation and the assumption that people are not static but, instead, are in a constant state of "becoming"

Answer 229

A source of power for supervisors and other leaders that exists when the leader has special knowledge and skills that his subordinates need. See also bases of social power

Answer 230

An individual who testifies before a lawmaking body or in a court of law because of his exceptional knowledge in a specific area. Information given by the witness is used to enlighten the court in assessing evidence

Answer 231

"After the fact" research in which the experimental treatment (independent variable) has been applied prior to the onset of the study. Because ex-post facto studies do not allow the experimenter to control the assignment of subjects to treatment groups, they are considered a type of quasi-experimental research

Answer 232

School of family therapy that extends general systems theory beyond the nuclear family. The emphasis is on intellectual and emotional differentiation of individual family members; and key terms include differentiation of self, undifferentiated family ego mass, emotional triangles, and multigenerational transmission process. Therapy often begins with the construction of a venogram. The therapist often sees two members of the family (spouses) and forms a therapeutic triangle in which the therapist comes into emotional contact with the family members but avoids becoming emotionally triangled.

Answer 233

The degree to which a study's results can be generalized to other people, settings, conditions, etc.

Answer 234

See classical extinction and operant extinction and extinction bursts

Answer 235

For person-centered therapist, the three core conditions - empathy, genuineness (congruence), and unconditional positive regard - that must be provided to a client in therapy so that he can be steered back onto the path toward growth and self-actualization

Answer 236

Interview conducted when a client first contacts an agency; involves gathering predetermined and specific information from the client

Answer 237

A way of viewing social systems. Assumes that conflict is fundamental and instability and change are ongoing: A social system is seen as made up of competing subunits that are disposed to conflict; an conflict is seen as so basic that change is likely to be disorderly and unstable. Rather than assuming that order can be restored, social workers using this analogy face conflict head-on

Answer 238

Individuals with factitious disorder imposed on self falsify physical or psychological symptoms that are associated with their deception, present themselves to others asa being ill or impaired, and engage in the deceptive behavior even in the absence of an obvious external reward for doing so. Individuals with factitious disorder imposed on another falsify physical or psychological symptoms in another person, present that person to others as being ill or impaired, and engage in the deceptive behavior even in the absence of an external reward. For both types of factitious disorder, falsification of symptoms can involve feigning, exaggeration, simulation, or induction (e.g., by ingestion of a substance or self-injury)

Answer 239

Fading refers to (A) the gradual withdrawal of props when teaching a new response and (B) a procedure used to eliminate an inappropriate stimulus-response connection by gradually replacing the inappropriate stimulus with appropriate stimuli so that the response becomes associated with the latter.

Answer 240

Occurs when a baby's weight falls below the 5th percentile for his age. In "organic failure to thrive," there is an underlying medical condition that causes the slowed rate of growth. In "nonorganic failure to thrive," no medical cause can be found. Risk factors for nonorganic failure to thrive include maternal childhood deprivation, the infant's temperament (i.e., he is difficult to feed), and certain family characteristics such as high levels of stress, parents who don't understand the baby's nutritional needs, and poverty.

Answer 241

Proposes that families pass through expected stages that are demarcated by entrances and exits of family members and the shifts in role function that these changes in membership require. These stages include between families (unattached young adult), joining families through marriage (newly married couple), the family with young children, the family with adolescents, launching children and moving on, and the family in later life. Factors such as traumatic events and a rigid, dysfunctional family structure can make it difficult for a family to accomplish its developmental tasks and increase the likelihood that normal developmental change will be experienced as a crisis

Answer 242

Associated with structural family therapy; a symbolic representation of the family structure created from the therapist's observations of a family. Differs from a venogram in that it reflects the arrangement of the family members around issues of concern. Through a series of connected and interrelated frameworks, the map attempts to illustrate coalitions and boundaries and helps with planning the course of therapy. It allows the therapist to keep in mind both the individual's relationship to the family system and the family system's relationship to the individual

Answer 243

Beliefs shared by all family members with regard to each other and their relative positions in the family. Myths go unchallenged and maintain family homeostasis.

Answer 244

Regular, predictable behaviors or the family that have a sense of rightness about them. The whole collection of observable behaviors that add up to rules. May be conscious or unconscious and may increase family cohesiveness or be seen as burdensome.

Answer 245

Family rules - either overt or unconscious - illustrate a family's values and determine the behavior of the members. For example, a family rule may be "nobody challenges father." In this case, the implied rule prevents any members of the family from disagreeing or arguing with father. Thus, the "rule" directs and controls the family's behavior. Therapists often help a family modify rules that are no longer appropriate and causing difficulties in the family.

Answer 246

A concurrent evaluation of (A) the resources needed to achieve a specific goal and (B) an organization's current and expected ability to provide these resources.

Answer 247

Federal law that grants parents (and students over the age 18) the right to inspect their children's (their own) educational records

Answer 248

In systems theory and cybernetics, the flow of information back into the system. Negative feedback loops minimize change and maintain the system's status quo (equilibrium), while positive feedback loops alter or disrupt the system's normal functioning

Answer 249

Form of therapy that has its origins in the women's movement and that is based on the premise that "the personal is political." Focuses on empowerment and social change and acknowledges and minimizes the power differential inherent in the client-therapist relationship. Feminist therapy must be distinguished from nonsexist therapy, which focuses more on personal causes of behavior and personal change.

Answer 250

Caused by exposure to alcohol during prenatal development and may produce a variety of physical, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms depending on the amount consumed by the pregnant woman. Symptoms of FAS are largely irreversible and include facial deformities, retarded physical growth, heart defects, intellectual disability, hyperactivity, and irritability. Risk for FAS is highest, and symptoms are most severe, when the mother drinks heavily every day or, in the early stages of pregnancy, engages in binge drinking

Answer 251

Lewin's theory of human behavior that describes it as a product of interdependent factors in the person and his physical and social environment

Answer 252

The first-generation antipsychotic drugs (e.g., phenothiazines) are used for the management of schizophrenia and other psychoses. They are most effective for positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, agitation, thought disorders). See-effects include anticholinergic effects, extrapyramidal effects (e.g., tardive dyskinesia), and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. These drugs exert their beneficial effects primarily by blocking dopamine receptors, and their effectiveness provides support for the dopamine hypothesis which attributes schizophrenia to overactivity at dopamine receptors

Answer 253

Changes in a system that are superficial and leave unaltered the fundamental organization of the system. Changes may look dramatic, but the system itself remains the same in terms of process and dynamics. In therapy, a family can be said to undergo first order change whenever it adapts but does not cease its symptomatic functioning. The family may previously have been symptomatic in "that" way but now it is symptomatic in "this" way.

Answer 254

In psychoanalysis, the notion that psychosexual development can be arrested at a particular stage such that the personality becomes structured around the unresolved conflict of that stage

Answer 255

In operant conditioning, an intermittent reinforcement schedule in which the subject is reinforced for each predetermined interval of time in which he makes at least one response. Associated with a "scallop" on the cumulative recording of the subject's responses

Answer 256

In operant conditioning, an intermittent reinforcement schedule in which the subject is reinforced following a predetermined number of responses (e.g. after each 10th response). The cumulative record exhibits "post-reinforcement pauses," especially as the number of responses required for reinforcement increases

Answer 257

A muted or apathetic response to stimuli that would normally evoke a stronger response (e.g. the client discusses a traumatic life event in a detached, matter-of-fact way). May indicate a mental disorder (e.g. depression or schizophrenia), substance use, or a medication side-effect.

Answer 258

A fixed, pre-established fee charged by a professional for a particular service. The fee for a given service is the same for every client, and the amount charged is related to the service itself rather than the client's ability to pay

Answer 259

A verbal presentation in which the client's responses seem to "take off" based on a particular word or thought, unrelated to any logical progression or the original point of the communication

Answer 260

A classical extinction technique that involves exposing the individual in vivo or in imagination to a high anxiety-arousing stimuli. The key is exposing a client for long enough that he comes to see that none of the consequences he fears actually take place. When done in vivo, it is also known as in vivo exposure with response prevention.

Answer 261

Social work interview technique used to keep the conversation from wandering or jumping from one subject to another

Answer 262

For example, the Food Stamp, WIC, and school lunch programs. Social welfare benefits for qualified individuals to ensure that their nutritional needs are met.

Answer 263

Social security program designed to improve the diets of poor and low-income families by enhancing their ability to buy food. The program issues monthly allotments of coupons that are redeemable at retail food stores or provides benefits through electronic benefit transfer (EBT). The EBT system allows food stamp customers, using a plastic card similar to a bank card, to buy groceries by transferring funds directly from a food stamp benefit account to a retailer's account. Households cannot use food stamps to buy alcoholic beverages or tobacco, lunch counter items or foods to be eaten in the store, vitamins or medicines, pet foods, or nonfood items (other than seeds and plants).

Answer 264

Technique used to identify and assess significant factors that promote or inhibit change in a community or organization. Involves analyzing social forces supporting an intended program or policy change (driving forces) and those opposing it (restraining forces): This includes rating each force's strength (power, consistency, openness to outside influence) and identifying and rating entities who might successfully oppose a driving or restraining force and, thereby, change its strength. These assessments are used to guide intervention planning.

Answer 265

Final stage in Piaget's model of cognitive development; begins around age 11 or 12. People at this stage are aware of their own thought processes and can think more systematically about abstract and hypothetical concepts and ideas

Answer 266

Power that stems from the position a person holds and the authority delegated to that position. Formal power is acquired automatically when a person assumes a position of leadership

Answer 267

Evaluation used to guide ongoing practice decisions. A tool for monitoring an intervention and identifying when one needs to modify a planned intervention.

Answer 268

Describes the research goal when a program is in the process of being developed: The goal is to determine what modifications are needed so that the program achieves its goal and objectives. Formative evaluation is most useful when observational methods are used. Compared to summative evaluation, formative evaluation tends to be less threatening to program personnel because its results are used to modify a program rather than to make decisions about whether or not it should continue. Results of formative evaluation are not usually generalizable to other programs

Answer 269

Fiscal intermediary between a provider of a social or health care service, the individual receiving the service, and the organization that pays for the service. A third party provides payment for the services, and the fourth party provides administrative support

Answer 270

Federal legislation establishing the right of citizens to know what information the government and other organizations have about them. This right is not absolute and specific exceptions are noted. Based on this act, clients of federally administered health and welfare agencies under some circumstances have the right to access their case records.

Answer 271

The goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy is to reduce or eliminate pathological symptoms by bringing the unconscious into conscious awareness and integrating previously repressed material into the personality. During psychoanalysis, the analysis of free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences consists of a combination of confrontation, clarification, interpretation, and working through.

Answer 272

In behavioral assessments, and assessment of the environmental variables (i.e., antecedents and consequences) that control a behavior.

Answer 273

Relatively sophisticated budgeting techniques that are based on program planning and budgeting systems (PPBS). These approaches produce cost and expenditure data in relation to programs rather than in relation to the entire agency; and produce data such as total program costs, cost per unit of service, cost per output (client completion of program or service), and cost per outcome (the cost of producing measurable change in a client's quality of life).

Answer 274

A community defined in terms of a purpose, function, or problem that needs to be addressed. Social workers, for example, belong to the welfare or human services functional community.

Answer 275

Power that depends on the person holding the leadership position. Functional power must be earned

Answer 276

Associated with Bowen; the blurring of intellectual and emotional boundaries between the self and others arising out of an overly strong emotional attachment. Fusion is the opposite of differentiation of self.

Answer 277

A theory of attraction proposing that liking is related to the pattern rather than the amount of rewards. The theory suggests that people tend to be most attracted to individuals who show increased liking for them and to be least attracted to individuals who show decreased liking for them.

Answer 278

Scheduling technique that graphically represents all of an organization's or program's activities, the people responsible for performing the activities, and a time-line for completing each activity. Horizontal bars on a calendar show the time allotted to each activity. The chart does not indicate the relationship among activities and, therefore, is less detailed than a PERT chart.

Answer 279

"Gemeinschaft" refers to community. It focuses on intimacy and relationship and emphasizes the mutual, common, and intimate bonds that bring people together in local units. The group is valued whether or not its members are creating a product or achieving a goal. Examples include the domestic unit, neighborhood, and groups of friends. "Gesellschaft" refers to society or association (e.g., the city or state). It represents formalized, task-oriented relationships in which people organize to achieve a purpose, goal. or task. People may benefit personally from these relationships, but their purpose is to create a product, achieve a goal, or complete a task.

Answer 280

The essential feature of gender dysphoria in adolescents or adults is a marked incongruence between assigned gender and experienced or expressed gender that is manifested by at least two symptoms (e.g., marked incongruence between one's primary and/or secondary sex characteristics and one's experienced or expressed gender, strong desire for the primary and/or secondary sex characteristics of the opposite gender, strong desire to be of the opposite gender, strong conviction that one has the feelings and reactions that are characteristic of the opposite gender). Symptoms must have a duration of at least six months and cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning.

Answer 281

For gender dysphoria in children, the diagnostic criteria are a marked incongruence between assigned gender at birth and experienced or expressed gender as evidenced by a strong desire to be the opposite sex and at least five symptoms (e.g., strong preference for wearing clothes of the other gender, strong preference for cross-gender roles during play, strong preference for toys and activities typically used or engaged in by the other gender, strong preference for playmates of the opposite gender, strong desire for primary and/or secondary sex characteristics of one's experienced gender). Symptoms must have a duration of at least six months and cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning.

Answer 282

According to Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory, gender-role development involves a sequence of stages that parallels cognitive development: By age 2 or 3, children acquire a gender identity (i.e., they recognize that they are either male or female). Soon thereafter, children realize that gender identity is stable over time (gender stability). By age 6 or 7, children understand that gender is constant over situations and know that people cannot change gender by superficially altering their external appearance or behavior (gender constancy).

Answer 283

According to Selye, the human response to stress is mediated by adrenal-pituitary secretions (e.g. cortisol) and involves three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. The model predicts that prolonged stress can result in illness or death.

Answer 284

Aid provided by state and local governments to needy individuals or families who do not qualify for major assistance programs and to individuals whose benefits from other assistance programs are insufficient to meet basic needs. General assistance is often the only resource for individuals who cannot qualify for unemployment insurance or whose benefits are inadequate or exhausted. Help may either be in cash or in-kind, including such assistance as groceries and rent. The eligibility requirements and payment levels for general assistance vary from state to state and often within a state. Payments are usually at lower levels and of shorter duration than those provided by federally financed programs. General assistance is administered and financed by state and local governments user their own guidelines.

Answer 285

GAD involves excessive anxiety and worry about multiple events or activities, which are relatively constant for at least six months, the person finds difficult to control, and cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning. Anxiety and worry must include at least three characteristic symptoms (or at least one symptom for children) - restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge; being easily fatigued; difficulty concentrating; irritability; muscle tension; sleep disturbance. Treatment usually involves cognitive-behavioral therapy or a combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy.

Answer 286

The theory that the "whole" can be understood only in terms of the organization and interactions of its components; the theoretical framework underlying family therapy. Systems can be either "open" or "closed": Open systems receive input from and discharge output to the environment; closed systems have no exchange with the environment. Families are primarily open systems.

Answer 287

An assessment tool used to obtain and record information about a client's family patterns and history. Provides a schematic diagram of the family system describing at least three generations of family relationships, geographical locations, and significant life events.

Answer 288

"Genotype" refers to a person's genetic make-up; "phenotype" refers to observable characteristics, which are due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Answer 289

A humanistic therapeutic technique based on the concepts of Gestalt psychology ("the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"). Gestalt therapy adopts a here-and-now approach, views "awareness" as the primary goal of treatment, and defines neurosis as a "growth disorder" reflecting certain "boundary disturbances" (e.g. introjection) and involving an abandonment of the self for the self image.

Answer 290

A goal is an outcome sought by social worker and client and is generally phrased as a broad statement that describes the desired outcome. Objectives (behavioral objectives) are discrete steps that will be taken to achieve the desired outcome. They define a series of behavioral changes that must take place in order to reach a goal. Objectives are more specific than goals and are always written in a manner that facilitates measurement and evaluation.

Answer 291

Proposes that behavioral and adjustment outcomes are best for children when parents' caregiving behaviors match the child's temperament.

Answer 292

A transfer of money or other assets from a government, organization, or person to another organization or person so that the latter can achieve a particular function or purpose (typically, to educate or otherwise improve the well-being of people and cultural institutions).

Answer 293

Used to secure funding from a governmental agency or private foundation, usually so that an agency can test or demonstrate program innovations (i.e. initiate a project) or conduct research on an aspect of the agency's program.

Answer 294

Community social work method directed toward helping community members develop shared goals, strengthen their relationships, and organize in a way that will help them achieve their goals. The emphasis is on organizing all people who will be affected by a change rather than just the community's leaders. It differs from a more bureaucratic means to social change, or one involving decisions that come from power centers in the community.

Answer 295

The feeling of solidarity among group members. Cohesiveness is high in smaller groups; when initiation or entry into the group is difficult; when members are relatively homogeneous; and when there is an external threat.

Answer 296

The tendency of groups to make more extreme decisions (either more conservative or more risky) than individual members would have made alone. The tendency to make decisions in the risky direction only is referred to as the "risky shift phenomenon".

Answer 297

Mode of group thinking in which group members' desires for unanimity and cohesiveness override their ability to realistically appraise or determine alternative courses of action. Can be alleviated by encouraging dissent, having someone play devil's advocate, and refraining from reaching a decision or solution too quickly.

Answer 298

Type of small group work in which the group is seen as a therapeutic environment that has the potential to influence members to change their behavior. Treatment groups help members cope with serious problems or correct dysfunctional behavior, and the social worker assumes the role of a therapist, expert, and group leader. The primary focus is on the members as individuals and on the problems they are having outside the group, but a member's behavior during group meetings may be used as a way of assessing and illustrating his attitudes and behavioral patterns.

Answer 299

Social work groups used to promote members' normal growth and development and teach ordinary skills for living. Groups used to teach and train are goal oriented, and the social worker assumes the roles of leader, teacher, and planner and arranger of group activities and relies heavily on programming. Some of these groups emphasize member interaction, building trust, and developing a sense of belonging to the group and others do not. Examples of topics addressed in these groups include parent training, learning communications skills, learning job skills, learning about a medical condition, etc.

Answer 300

An individual who is legally responsible for the management and care of another individual. Usually, this other individual is a child or is an adult who has been determined by a court to be incapable of acting on his own behalf.

Answer 301

A person (usually an attorney) appointed by the court to represent the child(ren) in a legal dispute concerning their custody or welfare. This person is empowered to investigate the background, living conditions, family relationships, and any other relevant matter in order to make a recommendation to the court as to what would be in the best interests of the child(ren) in terms of placement, visitation, and other matters ruled on by the court. The guardian usually makes a report to the court recommending on outcome. The judge, however, makes the final determination on the disposition of the child(ren).

Answer 302

Term used to describe a medication regimen taken by patients with HIV/AIDS that includes combination of anti-HIV drugs from at least two of the main classes. This combination helps combat new resistant strains of the virus that emerge as HIV makes copies of itself and also decreases the rate of opportunistic infections.

Answer 303

Sensory perceptions occurring without external stimulation of the associated sensory organ.

Answer 304

Refers to a change in performance resulting from participation in a research study (the novelty of the situation, increased attention, etc.)

Answer 305

An initial shock that disrupts a person's equilibrium and initiates a series of reactions that may culminate in a crisis. The hazardous event may be anticipated (e.g. marriage, retirement) or unanticipated (e.g. the unexpected death of a family member).

Answer 306

Networks that allow individuals in a community to give and receive reciprocal help for specific problems and that exist whether a person uses them or not. They differ from close-knit networks because their concerns are specialized (i.e. they are problem-anchored), their membership is heterogeneous, and their members may lack other common values.

Answer 307

Although the left and right hemispheres of the brain are both involved to some degree in most functions, they tend to specialize. The left (dominant) hemisphere dominates in verbal activities (e.g. spontaneous speaking and writing, memory for words and numbers); analytical, logical thought; and positive emotional states. The right (non-dominant) hemisphere dominates in visual-spatial activities such as facial recognition, spatial interpretation, and memory for shapes and in negative emotions.

Answer 308

Piaget distinguished between two stages of moral development. The stage of "heteronomous morality" (morality of constraint) extends from about age 7 through age 10. During this stage, children believe that rules are set by authority figures and are unalterable. When judging whether an act is "right" or "wrong," they consider whether a rule has been violated and what the consequences of the act are. Beginning at about age 11, children enter the stage of "autonomous morality" (morality of cooperation). Children in this stage view rules as being arbitrary and alterable when the people who are governed by them agree to change them. When judging an act, they focus more on the intention of the actor than on the act's consequences.

Answer 309

Refers to different communication styles exhibited by different cultural groups. Members of many culturally diverse groups in America exhibit high-context communication, which relies on shared cultural understanding and nonverbal cues. In contrast, Anglos are more likely to exhibit low-context communication, which relies primarily on the verbal message.

Answer 310

In classical conditioning, a situation in which a previously established conditioned stimulus (CS) is used as an unconditioned stimulus (US) to establish a conditioned response with a new conditioned (neutral) stimulus.

Answer 311

Histrionic personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of emotionality and attention-seeking as manifested by at least five characteristic symptoms (e.g. discomfort when not the center of attention, inappropriately sexually seductive or provocative, rapidly shifting and shallow emotions, consistent use of physical appearance to gain attention, considers relationships to be more intimate than they are).

Answer 312

A viral disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which may be transmitted by sexual contact, blood-to-blood contact, and from a pregnant woman to her unborn child. HIV surpasses the body's immune system and, therefore, results in a vulnerability to a range of opportunistic infections including Kaposi's sarcoma (a form of cancer) and a rare form of pneumonia. These diseases are known as opportunistic infections because they take advantage of a compromised immune system that is no longer able to fight them off.

Answer 313

Hoarding disorder involves a persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions regardless of their actual value. The difficulty results in the accumulation of items that block and clutter living areas and significantly interferes with their intended use and stems from a perceived need to save the items and distress associated with discarding them. If living areas are uncluttered, it's only because of intervention by third parties.

Answer 314

The person who decides what confidential information is to be released, particularly in the context of legal proceedings. Generally, laws related to privilege make the client the holder of the privilege.

Answer 315

The self-maintenance of a system (e.g. a family) in a state of equilibrium or status quo. Homeostasis is facilitated by negative feedback loops, which provide the system with the information it needs to make appropriate adjustments in its functioning.

Answer 316

Consists of linkages between and among organizations and neighborhoods that are located within the same geographic region and, usually, serve the community.

Answer 317

An interdisciplinary approach to caring for individuals with terminal illness when recovery is unlikely (most hospices accept patients who have a life expectancy of six months or less and are referred by their personal physician). Care may be provided in the individual's home, a nursing home, or a hospice unit in a hospital or community agency. Hospice care integrates medical, psychological, and social approaches. It emphasizes quality of life; holistic approaches to pain control (psychological and spiritual pain); palliative care (specialized care when curative treatments are no longer available); and the involvement of family and others in caring for the patient. Hospice programs also support caregivers by offering convalescent and respite care.

Answer 318

A term used by Spitz to describe the syndrome found in infants who have been separated from their mothers or other primary caregiver. Symptoms include listlessness, unresponsiveness, indifference, and retarded growth.

Answer 319

In most communities, there are three kinds of housing assistance available: (A) Public housing, in which low-income housing is operated by the housing authority: (B) Section 8 housing, in which the housing authority gives tenants a certificate or voucher that says the government will subsidized housing, in which the government provides subsidies directly to the owner who then applies those subsidies to the rents he/she charges low-income tenants.

Answer 320

The concept that variations in the environment can affect a person's personality, cognitive and social functioning, and physical and mental health, independent of his/her genetic endowment. Describes one way that the environment can influence development over the lifespan.

Answer 321

Management theory that developed as an alternative to scientific management and places greater emphasis on worker needs, motives, and relationships.

Answer 322

The process used by an agency to predict personnel needs to implement its mission. Human resource plans include job analysis (which is used to develop job descriptions); a recruitment and selections strategy' plans for staff orientation, supervision, training, and development; a performance-appraisal system based on the job analysis; and policies and procedures for termination.

Answer 323

Inherited disorder characterized by cognitive decline, chorea (involuntary tremors, twitching), and athetosis (slow writhing movements)

Answer 324

"Primary (essential) hypertension" is diagnosed when high blood pressure is not due to a known physiological cause, while "secondary hypertension" is diagnosed when elevated blood pressure is related to a known disease. Primary hypertension accounts for about 85 to 90 percent of all cases of high blood pressure; untreated, it can lead to cardiovascular disease, and it is a major cause of heart failure, kidney failure, and stroke. High risk is associated with gender (males), obesity, cigarette smoking, excessive use of salt, and genetics (e.g. African-American heritage).

Answer 325

A condition caused by hyper secretion of thyroxine by the thyroid gland and characterized by a speeded-up metabolism, elevated body temperature, accelerated heart rate, increased appetite with weight loss, nervousness, and insomnia.

Answer 326

Low blood glucose. A condition caused by excessive secretion of insulin by the pancreas and characterized by hunger, dizziness, headache, blurred vision, palpitations, anxiety, depression, and confusion.

Answer 327

A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that lasts for at least four days and is accompanied by at least three of the symptoms associated with a manic episode. The episode represents a clear change in mood and functioning but (in contrast to a manic episode) is not sufficiently severe to cause marked impairment in functioning or to require hospitalization, and there is an absence of psychotic symptoms.

Answer 328

A condition caused by hypo secretion of thyroxine and characterized by a slowed metabolism, slowed heart rate, lethargy, lowered body temperature, impaired concentration and memory, and depression.

Answer 329

According to Freud, the aspect of the psyche that is present at birth, contains the libido and other instincts, and seeks immediate gratification of its impulses. Operates on the basis of the pleasure principle and relies on primary process thinking.

Answer 330

The internalization of the characteristics of the same-sex parent into one's superego; represents the successful resolution of the Oedipus conflict

Answer 331

Occurs when a person changes his/her behavior because he wants to be liked by or identified with another person. The behavior change reflects a private change in opinion or attitude, but the change is maintained only as long as the person continues to like or admire the influencing agent. Referent power is likely to produce identification. See also bases of social power; compliance; and internalization.

Answer 332

The family member who is identified by the family as bearing the symptom. the IP has typically been labeled by the family as "crazy" or "sick".

Answer 333

Marcia proposes that the achievement of an identity (including values, beliefs, and goals) involves four stages that take place primarily during adolescence and young adulthood: diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement.

Answer 334

Policy evaluation technique used to measure the effects of a new social policy or law; indicates the extent to which the targeted community has been affected.

Answer 335

Procedure used by public agencies to improve the quality and delivery of services. The contractor (provider) is promised more compensation if his services meet specific time and quality standards.

Answer 336

Social welfare programs that provide individuals with sufficient goods and services or financial aid to maintain a certain standard of living.

Answer 337

Used in social planning. Involves compromising and reaching agreements based on the needs and wishes of various political and pluralistic forces.

Answer 338

The variable that is manipulated in a research study for the purpose of determining its effects on the dependent variable. Also known as the experimental variable. In direct practice evaluation, the intervention is the independent variable.

Answer 339

Gives tribes in the U.S. control over the adoption of Native American children. Adoptions involving Native American children require a release from the birth parents and the tribe, and the tribe may veto the adoption of a Native American baby by a non-Native American family (even if the birth family has agreed to the adoption) and place the child with a Native American family.

Answer 340

Social work activities undertaken to provide services more effectively and efficiently and to bring about changes in policies, programs, or budgets. Indirect practice activities do not involve personal contact with clients and usually are undertaken with a committee, coalition, or other group.

Answer 341

In regard to social policy, an ideology that attempts to place few restrictions on personal freedom and individual will.

Answer 342

Individualism centers on the personal rather than on the social group or social context in which a person lives. A person with this worldview (A) emphasizes personal self-concept over family life; (B) relates his sense of well-being to a sense of personal control; (C) attributes events or behaviors to dispositional factors; (D) sees events in terms of personal preferences; (E) prefers goal-oriented, direct, low-context communication; and (F) in conflict situations, prefers a confrontational and attributional approach.

Answer 343

See Education For All Handicapped Children Act.

Answer 344

Social work interview used to obtain data for a social history in order to facilitate appropriate decisions about the kinds of services the social worker or agency should offer a client. Rather than collecting comprehensive information about a client's life history, the worker focuses on obtaining background information related to the problem, including objective facts and subjective feelings and attitudes.

Answer 345

Agency (or office within an agency) that notifies individuals about existing programs, resources (including referrals to other services), and benefits and how to obtain and use them.

Answer 346

Views cognitive development as a function of both continued development of the brain and nervous system and learning experiences and practice that allow a child to progressively improve his mental abilities and strategies. Focuses on specific processes - how children acquire information (perception), remember information and retrieve it (memory), and use information to solve problems. Infant measures of information processing may be effective for identifying children at risk for future learning problems.

Answer 347

The giving of permission by a client to a social worker and agency to use specific intervention, including diagnosis, treatments, follow-up, and research. The practice is designed to protect individuals by guaranteeing their safety, privacy, and freedom. Generally, true informed consent can be obtained only when the individual is competent, free from pressure and coercion, and knowledgeable about the treatment to be provided including alternative treatments.

Answer 348

A dimension of leadership behavior that refers to the extent to which a leader defines, directs, and structures his own role and the roles of subordinates. Leaders high in initiating structure are task-oriented and concerned with the instrumental aspects of the job. Leaders who communicate both high performance expectations (instrumental) and support (expressive) are likely to have the most effective work groups. See also Consideration

Answer 349

Graphic illustration of the linkages between organizations. Allows policy planners and others to see which organizations have overlapping resources and which agencies operate alone with little or no interaction with other organizations. Involves listing all agencies along both horizontal and vertical axes and noting the frequency of their contact with each other.

Answer 350

Systems (e.g. organizations) are made up collections of parts that receive inputs, operate on these inputs via throughput, and produce outputs. In social agencies, "inputs" include resources, clients, the types and severity of clients' problems, and the values, expectations, and opinions about the agency held by community members, funding sources, regulatory bodies, and other parts of the environment. "Throughputs" are the service provided by the agency and the way the agency is structured to apply its technology to the inputs it receives. "Output" is the completion of a service to a client - the key aspect of service output is outcome, which is a measure of quality-of-life change for the client.

Answer 351

A legal term referring to a defendant's lack of ability to distinguish between right and wrong. Applies when a person has committed a crime while under the influence of a mental disorder that inhibits the knowledge that such an act was wrong or the ability to refrain from doing it.

Answer 352

Planned, formal training provided to a group of agency personnel with the same job classification or the same job responsibilities and designed to meet their general education needs. The generic content is useful for all the members of the group but is specifically relevant to none of them.

Answer 353

Refers to the apparent sudden understanding of the relationship between elements in a problem-solving situation

Answer 354

Insomnia disorder is characterized by dissatisfaction with sleep quality or quantity that is associated with at least one characteristic symptom - difficulty initiating sleep; difficulty maintaining sleep; early-morning awakening with an inability to return to sleep. The sleep disturbance occurs at least three nights each week, has been present for at least three months, occurs despite sufficient opportunities for sleep, and causes significant distress or impaired functioning.

Answer 355

The denial or restriction of material conditions (e.g. access to health care) and access to power to members of minority groups.

Answer 356

Social services provided by major public service systems that administer benefits such as financial assistance, housing programs, health care, or education.

Answer 357

Skills beyond basic self-care that evaluate how individuals function in their homes, workplaces, and social environments.

Answer 358

Procedures used by social agencies to make initial contacts with clients productive and helpful. The social worker emphasizes obtaining preliminary information from the client in order to determine whether he can work with the client or should refer the client to a more suitable agency or professional.

Answer 359

A "well-integrated" community is associated with a low rate of mental disorders. Indicators of high integration include strong community associations and groups, able and adequate leadership, diverse recreational and leisure opportunities, cohesive informal social networks, high income level and stable incomes, acknowledgment and resolution of differences between cultures, and an emphasis on religious and spiritual values.

Answer 360

Intellectual disability is diagnosed in the presence of (A) deficits in intellectual functions (e.g. reasoning, problem solving, abstract thinking); (B) deficits in adaptive functioning that result in a failure to meet community standards of personal independence and social responsibility and impair functioning across multiple environments in one or more activities of daily life; and (C) an onset of intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits during the developmental period. Four degrees of severity (mild, moderate, severe, and profound) are based on adaptive functioning in conceptual, social, and practical domains.

Answer 361

A form of intervention in which the members of different professions or disciplines (e.g. social work, medical, psychiatric) work together on behalf of a client. For team practice to be effective, team members from different professions must be able to reach an agreement regarding approaches to care and willing to move beyond their own expertise to address the needs of the "whole" client.

Answer 362

Theory proposing that the inability to learn or recall information is due to the disrupting effects of previously- or subsequently-learned information. Proactive interference is the inability to learn or recall new information as the result of the effects of previously-learned information; retroactive interference occurs when the inability to remember previously-learned information is due to the acquisition of new information.

Answer 363

In operant conditioning, any pattern of reinforcement that is not continuous. Includes fixed interval, fixed ratio, variable interval, and variable ratio schedules. Associated with greater resistance to extinction than a continuous schedule

Answer 364

Occurs when a person changes his behavior because he actually (privately) accepts the beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors of another person. Expert, legitimate, and informational power are most likely to result in internalization. See also bases of social power; compliance; and identification (social influence).

Answer 365

The degree to which a research study allows an investigator to conclude that observed variability in a dependent variable is due to the independent variable rather than to other factors.

Answer 366

Interpersonal therapy (IPT) was originally developed as a treatment for depression but has since been applied to other conditions as well. Although IPT recognizes the contributions of early experience, biological predisposition, and personality to depression, its focus is on one of four areas of interpersonal functioning - grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits.

Answer 367

An explanatory statement that responds to something about a client's thinking or behavior that the client is not aware of with the goal of increasing the client's self-understanding and understanding of the problem, fostering his insight, and/or helping him make new connections. This helps the client view a problem from a different perspective, which can open the door to new solutions. An interpretive response includes not only what a client has verbalized but also an inference the social worker has drawn from implicit parts of the client's message.

Answer 368

The scale of measurement that has equal intervals between successive points on the measurement scale. Most standardized educational and psychological tests provide scores that represent an interval scale. With an interval scale, the property of equal intervals allows you to perform the mathematical operations of addition and subtraction with the data.

Answer 369

A defense mechanism. Involves ascribing the thoughts and behaviors of others to oneself to better control one's affective responses to those thoughts and behaviors. Typically operative at a very early age.

Answer 370

See Flooding

Answer 371

A defense mechanism. Involves severing the conscious psychological connection between an unacceptable impulse or behavior and its original memory source; the person remembers the experience but separates it from the affect associated with it.

Answer 372

Statements used to send clear and direct messages, thereby reducing the likelihood that the person receiving the message will be put on the defensive. An I-Statement consists of a brief, clear description of a behavior by the other person that one is bothered by, the feeling one experienced as a result of that behavior, and description of the tangible impact the behavior has had on oneself or others. During intervention, I-Statements made by a social worker are useful for managing situations of confrontation or conflict with a client and turning them into opportunities for the client to grow. The I-statement can also be taught to clients as a method for helping them deal with interpersonal conflict.

Answer 373

In structural family therapy, the therapist's linking (blending) with the family as a group and with each family member by showing that he understands their unique experiences. Includes adopting a family's behaviors, affective style, and communication patterns.

Answer 374

Financial relationship in which two or more organizations are linked when making financial decisions about current and future services. For example, two family planning clinics may join together to provide adoption services; instead of each incurring the expense of an adoption program, the agencies link their resources for one program, thereby eliminating duplicate services and reducing their expenses.

Answer 375

Linkage between organizations in which two or more providers or two or more funding services fund a project or service together

Answer 376

According to Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory, moral development coincides with changes in logical reasoning and social perspective-taking and involves three levels that each include two stages: Preconventional (Punishment and Obedience; Instrumental hedonism); Conventional (Good boy/girl; Law and Order); and post conventional (Morality of Contract, Individual rights, and Democratically-accepted laws; Morality of Individual Principles of Conscious)

Answer 377

Alcohol-induced disorder characterized by anterograde and retrograde amnesia and confabulation. Has been linked to a thiamine deficiency. (In the DSM-5, this condition is called alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder, amnestic-confabulatory type

Answer 378

Kugler-Ross developed a five-stage model of adjustment to the idea of one's own death: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

Answer 379

Proposes that learning can occur without reinforcement and without being manifested in actual performance improvement. Dolman's research showed that rats formed "cognitive maps" of mazes even without being reinforced by doing so.

Answer 380

Thorndyke's law of effect proposes that, when behaviors are followed by "satisfying consequences," they are more likely to increase or occur again.

Answer 381

(A) "Autocratic leaders" make decisions alone and instruct subordinates what to do on the basis of those decisions. (B) "Democratic leaders" involve subordinates in the decision-making process. (C) "Laissez-faire leaders" leave it up to their subordinates to make decisions with little guidance or help.

Answer 382

Seligman's learned helplessness model proposes that depression is due to exposure to uncontrollable negative events and internal, stable, and global attributions for those events. A reformulation of the theory by Abrasion, Metalsky, and Alloy emphasizes the role of hopelessness

Answer 383

Efforts to influence legislation to benefit a category of clients (e.g. urging state or federal lawmakers to support or oppose certain bills). May involve the use of "lobbying tactics" to influence legislative committee consideration of a bill

Answer 384

A source of power that automatically stems from the authority associated with a leadership position (such as supervisor) and does not depend on the person holding the position. See also bases of Social Power

Answer 385

Notion that poor individuals should not get financial aid that will raise them to a level above that of the lowest paid working person in the community

Answer 386

Ideology that embraces the values of egalitarianism and social responsibility as means of achieving social and economic change and the belief that, as societies become more complex and its members less self-sufficient, government should take action to address the problems of individuals who are less able to cope

Answer 387

According to Freud, the psychic energy that is generated by the instinctual drives of the id.

Answer 388

Assessment tool used to graphically depict the developmental stage of all individuals in a household

Answer 389

Assessment tool used to graphically depict significant events in a client's life and the development of significant problems over time. Allows you to organize and depict data related to various periods in a client's life

Answer 390

Simple budgeting technique that involves identifying expenditure categories and estimating the number of dollars that would be needed to cover all expenses in each category for one year. Categories typically include personnel and operating expenses such as rent, utilities, supplies, and travel, etc.

Answer 391

Bringing together the resources of various agencies, personnel, etc., and coordinating their efforts on behalf of a client or social objective

Answer 392

Drug used to alleviate mania and mood swings in bipolar disorder. Lithium can be toxic and blood levels need to be monitored. Retention of lithium is affected by the body's sodium levels and users must make sure their salt levels do not fluctuate. Early signs of toxicity include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, sedation, slurred speech, coordination problems, and confusion

Answer 393

Supervision procedure in which a supervisor observes an interview in real time and is able to give the worker immediate feedback. The supervisor may sit in on the interview or watch it through a one-way mirror or video camera pickup. Traditional live supervision formats include "knock-on-the-door" supervision and "bug-in-the-ear" supervision. More current formats, including "bug-in-the-eye" (BITE) supervision, rely more on computer technology

Answer 394

A type of advance directive in which a person documents in advance the kind of care he wants to receive and not receive at the end stage of life in the event that he is no longer able to communicate these preferences at that time

Answer 395

Community organizing model that focuses on promoting economic and social development for the whole community and helping the community help itself. The client system includes all groups within a geographic-spatial community, and community power centers are viewed as potential collaborators in an action. Emphases include voluntary cooperation, self-help, development of local leadership, education, and democratic processes

Answer 396

A construct developed by Rotter to describe the extent to which an individual believes that life events are under his own control ("internal locus of control") or under the control of external forces ("external locus of control"). The research suggests that "high internals" attribute their success to intrinsic factors and are more achievement-oriented, self-confident, and willing to work hard to achieve personal goals; are less anxious, suspicious, and dogmatic; and tend to be better adjusted than "high externals."

Answer 397

Studies in which a group of subjects are followed and evaluated over an extended period of time in order to assess the effects of aging, natural developmental processes, or one or more other independent variable on one or more dependent variables over time

Answer 398

Comprehensive long-term social, personal, and health care services given to individuals who have lost some degree of functioning (i.e. due to a functional impairment, they have limited ability to perform important activities of daily living). LTC may be provided in nursing homes or in the community and is provided by professionals, volunteers, and family members

Answer 399

Involve abrupt shifts from one fragmented thought to another with little if any logical connection between the thoughts

Answer 400

See High-Context vs Low-context communication

Answer 401

Through LIHEAP, the federal government provides grants to states, territories, Indian tribes, and tribal organizations to help low-income households meet home heating and cooling costs and to weatherize and make energy saving repairs

Answer 402

Orientation to social work that emphasizes the sociopolitical, economic, historical, and environmental factors that affect the human condition. These factors either cause problems for people or afford them opportunities for growth, satisfaction, and justice

Answer 403

Social work activities undertaken to benefit large groups such as a particular client population, the residents of a community, or the personnel at an agency, and designed to improve the quality of life for clients or communities served or the quality of work life for employees at an organization so that they can provide the best possible services to clients or communities

Answer 404

Object-relations approaches emphasize the impact of early relationships with other people ("objects") on personality development; for object-relations theorists, maladaptive behavior is the result of abnormalities in early object relations. Mahler's version of this approach stresses events that occur during the separation-individuation process

Answer 405

Major neurocognitive disorder (formerly dementia) is diagnosed when there is evidence of significant decline from a previous level of functioning in one or more cognitive domains that interferes with the individual's independence in everyday activities and does not occur only in the context of delirium. Mild neurocognitive disorder (formerly cognitive disorder NOS) is the appropriate diagnosis when there is evidence of a modest decline from previous level of functioning in one or more cognitive domains that does not interfere with the individual's independence in everyday activities and does not occur only in the context of delirium. Subtypes are based on etiology and include major and mild neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease, vascular disease, traumatic brain injury, HIV infection, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease

Answer 406

A diagnosis of major depressive disorder requires the presence of at least five symptoms of a major depressive episode nearly every day for at least two weeks, with at least one symptom being depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms are depressed mood (or, in children and adolescents, a depressed or irritable mood); markedly diminished interest or pleasure in most or all activities; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain or a decrease or increase in appetite; insomnia or hypersomnia; psychomotor agitation or retardation; fatigue or loss of energy; feelings of worthless or excessive guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate; recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation, or a suicide attempt. Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning. Treatment usually includes cognitive-behavioral therapy and an SSRI or other antidepressant

Answer 407

The permpartum onset specifier is applied to major depressive disorder, bipolar I disorder, and bipolar II disorder when the net of symptoms is during pregnancy or within four weeks postpartum. Symptoms may include anxiety and a preoccupation with the infant's well-being or, in extreme cases, delusional thoughts about the infant

Answer 408

The seasonal pattern specifier is applied to major depressive, bipolar I disorder, and bipolar II disorder when there is a temporal relationship between the onset of a mood episode and a particular time of the year. This condition is also known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and, in the Northern Hemisphere, most commonly occurs during the winter months. People with SAD usually experience hypersomnia, increased appetite and weight gain, and a craving for carbohydrates

Answer 409

Characterized by a depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities. The episode lasts for at least two weeks, represents a noticeable change from the person's previous functioning, and includes at least five of the following symptoms (with at least one symptoms being a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure): (A) depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day as reported by the client or observed by others (in children or adolescents, can be an irritable mood); (B) markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or nearly all activities; (C) significant weight loss (without dieting) or weight gain and a decree or increase in appetite nearly every day; (D) insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; (E) psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; (F) fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; (G) feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every day; (H) impaired ability to think or concentrate or indecisiveness nearly every day; and/or (I) recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or specific plan for committing suicide

Answer 410

Malingering is included in the DSM-5 with other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention. It involves the intentional production, faking, or gross exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms to obtain an external reward (e.g., to avoid criminal prosecution or obtain financial compensation)

Answer 411

A conscious effort by a client to present him as being worse off than is really the case. Clients who "fake bad" during assessments are usually motivated by a specific external incentive for wanting to come off as more disturbed or less able than they actually are

Answer 412

The injurious or unprofessional treatment of a client/patient by a practitioner (social worker, psychotherapist, psychiatrist, physician, etc.). Malpractice is generally covered under tort law. A malpractice claim requires that three conditions be met: there must be a relationship between the practitioner and the client that implies a duty, there must have been a breach of that duty, and the breach must have caused the client some identifiable harm

Answer 413

A health plan that seeks to manage health care generally through contracting with health care providers to deliver health care services on a capitated (per-member per-month) basis

Answer 414

Management approach that focuses on results or outcomes. Emphasis is placed on producing clear statements about expectations for the coming year and making these statements available to all employees; breaking goals and objectives into tasks; and monitoring progress throughout the year. Success is measured by the extent to which objectives were achieved

Answer 415

Participatory management approach in which a supervisor and worker jointly establish precise, measurable objectives and a timeframe for achieving them; monitor work toward the objectives; and then evaluate performance by determining the extent to which the worker achieved the objectives

Answer 416

Systems used in social agencies to acquire, process, analyze, and disseminate data that are useful for carrying out the goals of the organization. May be used to track staff activity and the services provided to clients and are believed to enhance goal attainment

Answer 417

A period, lasting at least one week, of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. At least three characteristic signs are present: (A) inflated self-esteem or grandiosity; (B) decreased need for sleep; (C) more talkative or pressure to keep talking; (D) flight of ideas or the sense that one's thoughts are racing; (E) distractibility; (F) increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation; and/or (G) excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences. The mood disturbance is severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to require hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others, or there are psychotic features

Answer 418

Antidepressant drugs that inhibit the enzyme that deactivates dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. MAOIs appear to be most effective for treating non-endogenous and atypical depression. Side-effects include anticholinergic effects, insomnia, agitation, confusion, and weight gain. When taken in conjunction with other drugs or foods containing tyramine, they can cause a hypertensive crisis

Answer 419

A form of depression in which physical symptoms (pain, paresthesias, anorexia, etc.) predominate, and the individual often denies experiencing a depressed mood

Answer 420

A crisis in which the origin is embedded in maturational processes - i.e., the person struggles with an anticipated transition from one life stage or role to another

Answer 421

Federal response to homelessness which called for the establishment of programs providing specific services to homeless individuals to help them regain their independence (e.g. emergency shelter, transitional and permanent housing, job training, primary health care, education)

Answer 422

A.K.A the "insanity plea." Legal principles that guide the court in determining whether or not a defendant can be declared innocent by reason of insanity. Different jurisdictions use different criteria for judging insanity pleas

Answer 423

Process used to evaluate a person's financial means or well-being based on his income, debts, health, number of dependents, etc. The results are used to determine the person's eligibility to receive a benefit. A person who has the "means" to pay for the services he is seeking will be turned down. Examples of mean-tests federal programs and services include Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), the Food Stamp Program, and Medicaid

Answer 424

A way of viewing social systems that compares them to machines. All parts of the system work closely together - they are integrated and well coordinated. Practice models that derive from this analogy aim to organize the community or organization to make conditions more pleasant and restore order

Answer 425

The measure of central tendency that is the middle score in a distribution of scores when scores have been ordered from lowest to highest

Answer 426

A role of social workers. As a mediator in direct practice, a social worker settles disputes between conflicting parties and restores communication between them (e.g. disputes between client and provider or between the members of a family). As a mediator in indirect practice, a social worker helps factions within a community or organization resolve their differences or disagreements. A mediator stays neutral, tries to understand the positions or both parties, help the parties clarify their respective positions, etc.

Answer 427

Social security program providing medical and health related services for individuals and families with low incomes through direct payment to suppliers of the program. Low income is only one test for Medicaid eligibility; assets and resources also are tested against established thresholds determined by each state (i.e. means testing). Within federal guidelines, states have discretion in determining which groups their Medicaid programs will cover and the financial criteria for eligibility. States must cover categorically needy individuals, however, which usually includes recipients of SSI and families with dependent children receiving cash assistance, as well as other mandatory low-income groups such as pregnant women, infants, and children with incomes less than a specified percent of the federal poverty level. States must also cover certain low-income Medicare beneficiaries

Answer 428

Social security program providing health care benefits (health insurance coverage) to most people over age 64 (i.e. those who are eligible for monthly social security benefits and are U.S. citizens or permanent residents of the U.S. who have lived in the U.S. for at least five years); to some people with disabilities under age 65; and to people of all ages with end-stage renal disease (permanent kidney failure treated with dialysis or a transplant). Part A of Medicare is a compulsory Hospital Insurance (HI) program, and Part B is a voluntary program of Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI). Part A covers inpatient hospital services, care in skilled nursing facilities, home health services, and hospice care.

Answer 429

Evaluation of a client's current mental functioning. Most MSEs include evaluation of behavioral and cognitive aspects. Information is collected through observation and questioning. Using a mental status exam can help a social worker recognize key symptoms and when to refer clients for psychiatric evaluations and evaluations of medical problems (including neurological problems) that affect psychological functioning

Answer 430

Every message has two levels - report and command; metacommunication is the implicit and often nonverbal message (command) commenting on the intent of a verbal statement (report). The metamessage may support the primary statement or contradict it (as in the case of a double-bind)

Answer 431

Metamemory refers to knowledge about one's own memory processes. It is one aspect of metacognition, which refers to "knowing about knowing" (i.e. awareness and monitoring of one's own cognitive state)

Answer 432

Psychostimulant drug used to treat ADHD. Common side-effects include dysphoria, decreased appetite, insomnia, and growth suppression

Answer 433

Level of social work practice that usually takes place with small groups and families. Activities emphasize facilitating communication, mediation, and negotiation, educating, and bringing people together

Answer 434

Level of social work practice that usually takes place on a case-by-case basis or in a clinical setting. Micro social workers use their technical skills to help solve the psychosocial problems of individuals, families, or small groups

Answer 435

A recurrent vascular headache characterized by severe throbbing pain usually on one side of the head. Triggers include certain foods, alcohol, bright lights, and relaxation following physical or psychological stress. A migraine may be preceded by an auto (classic migraine) or gastrointestinal or other symptoms (common migraine)

Answer 436

Treatment for socially and mentally disordered persons, most often those in institutions, in which the entire environment is considered essential to the treatment process. Treatment does not occur only during therapy sessions but in all aspects of the patient's environment or milieu. Group meetings are a part of the treatment process

Answer 437

Self-report inventory used to assess lasting personality traits and acute clinical states. Is appropriate for individuals age 18 and over with at least an 8th-grade reading comprehension level. For adolescents (ages 13 to 19) whose reading ability is at or above the 6th-grade level, the MACI is available

Answer 438

Literally means imitation. A family therapist uses mimesis to accommodate to a family's style, tempo, and affective range; he joins the family by imitating the style or content of its communication. Like other methods that allow the therapist to join a family, mimesis establishes a common base with the family from which the therapist may intervene. Associated with structural family therapy

Answer 439

Methods used by social welfare planners to set income poverty lines - the least amount of housing, food, clothing, and goods needed for survival

Answer 440

Self-report personality test that reports an examinee's performance in terms of clinical scales and validity scales. Although originally intended as a tool for deriving psychiatric diagnoses, is now more commonly interpreted in terms of score profiles to derive information about an examinee's personality characteristics. For adolescents (ages 14 to 18), the MMPI-A is available

Answer 441

A role of social workers. As a mobilizer, a social worker identifies and brings together community members and resources and makes them responsive to unmet community needs. The goal may be to match resources to needs in the community, to make services more accessible to residents who need them, or to initiate and develop services to meet needs that preciously have been unmet. This role applies in communities only

Answer 442

The measure of central tendency that represents the most frequently occurring category or score in a distribution

Answer 443

Describes observational learning, or the process by which learning occurs as the result of observing the behavior of others.

Answer 444

(A) The "rational-economic model" proposes that decision-makers attempt to maximize benefits by systematically searching for the best solution. (B) The "bounded rationality (administrative) model" proposes that rational decision-making is limited by internal and external constraints so that decision-makers often "satisfice" rather than optimize (i.e., consider solutions until a fairly good one is encountered and then stop searching due to limited time and resources)

Answer 445

Mood stabilizing drugs are used to alleviate mania and mood swings in bipolar disorder and include lithium and anticonvulsants (e.g., carbamazepine). Lithium is usually the drug-treatment-of-choice for classic bipolar disorder, while an anticonvulsant drug may be more effective for patients who experience rapid mood swings or who have dysphoric mania

Answer 446

A way of viewing social systems that applies when change is ongoing and the structure of the system is continually emerging. Under these circumstances, fundamental change can occur because there is no chance of returning to how things were before. Change is likely to be unpredictable, and social workers should be open to a wide variety of solutions and interventions

Answer 447

An approach developed specifically for clients who are ambivalent about changing their behaviors that combines the transtheoretical (stages of change) model with client-centered therapy and self-efficacy. The goal is to increase a client's intrinsic motivation to change so that change and the reasons for change come from the client rather than being imposed by a therapist, a spouse, employer, etc.

Answer 448

A client's motivation to change, capacity for change, opportunity to change have a significant impact on the success of the planned change process. Motivation refers to a state of readiness to take action; capacity refers to the abilities and resources that the client or people in his environment bring to the change process; and opportunity refers to conditions and circumstances within the client's immediate environment that support positive change

Answer 449

A single-subject design that involves sequentially applying a treatment to different "baselines" (e.g., to different behaviors, settings, or subjects). Useful when a reversal design would be impractical or unethical

Answer 450

An approach that, according to many experts, is appropriate for clients from non-white-anglo cultures because the concept underlying it is familiar and acceptable to many non-dominant cultural groups (i.e., "it takes a community to raise a child"). It entails taking full advantage of all appropriate resources available in the community, and its goals are to increase a client's awareness of all available support systems and resources and to empower the client to use them

Answer 451

Mutual efforts by the social worker and a client to work on the problem. Establishing mutuality with a client requires the worker to both adopt a posture of professional competence and convey that he and the client are equal partners in the helping relationship who are both responsible for what happens in the helping process

Answer 452

Narcissistic personality disorder involves a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy as indicated by at least five characteristic symptoms (e.g., has a grandiose sense of self-importance; is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, beauty, love; believes he is unique and can be understood only by other high-status people; requires excessive admiration; has a sense of entitlement; lacks empathy; is often envious of others or believes others are envious of him)

Answer 453

The drugs classified as narcotic-analgesics (opioids) have both sedative and analgesic properties. Chronic use of a narcotic-analgesic results in tolerance and psychological and physical dependence. Withdrawal symptoms resemble those associated with a bad case of the flu

Answer 454

A helping skill that involves asking a series of questions designed to help the client describe his/her concerns or situations with more specificity

Answer 455

A federally assisted meal program that operates in public and private schools and residential child care institutions and provides nutritionally balanced low-cost or free lunches to children

Answer 456

Informal linkages and relationships between people who voluntarily provide services to people in need and those to whom they provide the services. For example, this type of network often includes the needy person's friends and family, neighbors, fellow employees and church (or other religious body) members, altruistic community members, etc.

Answer 457

Consist of family, friends, neighbors, and coworkers who exchange emotional support and other resources in times of need. When effective, they make it unnecessary for an individual to turn to institutionalized services offered by social agencies. Because geographically dispersed social networks depend on linkages such as transportation, they may be vulnerable in times of crisis

Answer 458

Maslow's theory of motivation, which proposes that five basic needs are arranged in a hierarchical order such that a need higher in the hierarchy doesn't serve as a source of motivation until all lower needs have been fulfilled. From the lowest level to the highest level, the five basic needs defined by Maslow are survival and physiological needs; Safety and security needs; social (belonging) needs; esteem (ego) needs; and self-actualization needs

Answer 459

Technique used to identify the nature, incidence, and prevalence of a condition or problem in a community in order to determine the adequacy of existing services and resources for addressing the condition or problem. Results should provide information about the quantity (does the level of service meet the need?), quality (are the service effective?), and direction of existing services (e.g., are service delivery approaches appropriate to the real needs of clients?). The most useful approach for needs assessment is survey research.

Answer 460

See positive and negative feedback loops

Answer 461

In operant conditioning, the withdrawal of a stimulus contingent on the performance of a behavior in order to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will occur again

Answer 462

In operant conditioning, the withdrawal of a stimulus following a behavior in order to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.

Answer 463

These involve a restriction in the range and intensity of emotions and other functions. Examples include affective flattening (reduced body language, expressionless, unresponsive face, poor eye contact); alogia (poverty of thought and speech); and avolition (restricted initiation of goal-directed behavior). See also positive symptoms of Schizophrenia

Answer 464

Failure to meet one's responsibility to protect or help another person or failure to practice reasonable care or caution to the extent that another person is harmed or placed at unnecessary risk of harm

Answer 465

A role of social workers. As a negotiator, a social worker acts as an intermediary who attempts to settle disputes and/or resolve disagreements between various parties. The worker takes the side of one of the parties (i.e., the client system) and seeks to resolve the conflict on behalf of that party.

Answer 466

Any informal or formal linkage of people or organizations that share resources, skills, knowledge, and contacts with one another

Answer 467

Efforts to develop and enhance the social linkages between people by (a) strengthening the quality of existing networks, (b) establishing new networks, (c) creating linkages among various networks to engender more competent support, and (d) mobilizing networks.

Answer 468

This disorder is diagnosed when the criteria for major or mild neurocognitive disorder are met, there is a insidious onset and gradual progression of impairment in one or more cognitive domains (or at least two domains for major neurocognitive disorder), and the criteria for probable or possible Alzheimer's disease are met. It involves a slow, progressive decline in cognitive functioning.

Answer 469

Techniques that make it possible to study both the structure and function of the living brain. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are structural techniques. Positron-emission tomography (PET), single proton emission computed tomography (SPECT), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) provides information on the functional activities of the brain.

Answer 470

A rare, but potentially fatal side-effect of the antipsychotic drugs. It involves a rapid onset of motor, mental, and autonomic symptoms including muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and altered consciousness. To avoid a potentially fatal outcome, the drug must be stopped as soon as symptoms of NMS develop

Answer 471

The nerve cell specialized for the conduction of electrochemical signals that carry information from one part of the body to another (e.g., from the brain to the muscles, from the sensory organs to the brain). Is made up of dendrites, the soma (cell body), and an axon.

Answer 472

Used when brain degeneration or damage is suspected and to determine the nature of the impairment produced by brain pathology

Answer 473

Neurotransmitters are chemical substances that are released from axon terminals, diffuse across synapses, and excite or inhibits receptor sites on postsynaptic nerve cells. (a) Acetylcholine mediates neuromuscular transmission, parasympathetic arousal, and memory (e.g., memory loss in neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease). (b) Dopamine is involved in inhibitory motor regulation and motivational/emotional functions. Excessive activity at dopamine receptors has been linked to schizophrenia and Tourette's disorder. (c) Serotonin ordinarily inhibits behavior and is involved in the regulation of mood, hunger, arousal, sleep, temperature, and pain. Elevated levels contribute to schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Low levels play a role in depressive disorders, suicide, PTSD, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and aggression. (d) GABA is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter and is believed to be involved in anxiety, sleep, and seizures. Low levels of GABA in the motor region are associated with Huntington's disease

Answer 474

Reflexes are unlearned responses to particular stimuli in the environment. Early reflexes include the Babinski reflex (toes fan out and upward when soles of the feet are tickled) and the Moro reflex (flings arms and legs outward and then toward the body in response to a loud noise or sudden loss of physical support)

Answer 475

Technique used to help consensus-oriented committees or groups arrive at a decision; encourages active involvement by all group participants

Answer 476

A scale of measurement in which the variable is divided into unordered groups or categories. When a variable is measured on a nominal scale (or is treated as though it were measured on a nominal scale), the data to be described or analyzed are frequency data (i.e., the frequency of observations in each group or category). The primary limitation of this measurement scale is that the only mathematical operation that can be performed on nominal data is to count the number (frequency) of cases in each category.

Answer 477

A social agency operated to achieve a service provision goal rather than to make financial profit for its owners.

Answer 478

This disorder involves recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening that usually occur during the first third of the major sleep episode and are accompanied by sleepwalking (getting out of bed during sleep and walking around) and/or sleep terror (an abrupt arousal from sleep that often begins with a panicky scream and is accompanied by intense fear and signs of autonomic arousal). The individual has limited or no recall of an episode upon awakening, and the disturbance causes significant distress or impaired functioning.

Answer 479

A form of information giving used to place a client's problem in a new context by defining it as expectable or predictable rather than pathological. With the parents of a defiant toddler, for example, a social worker could explain the behaviors that are expected during this developmental stage.

Answer 480

The standard rules of conduct used by groups to maintain uniformity of behavior among group members. Norms may be formal (codified or written) or informal (unwritten but "understood" by group members). Norms do not govern all aspects of behavior, only those considered by the group to be important for effective group functioning. In addition, norms usually apply to behavior not to personal feelings and thoughts.

Answer 481

A consent form required under HIPAA's privacy rule that must be given to clients on or before the beginning of treatment. The NPP informs clients of their rights and indicates how health information may be used and disclosed.

Answer 482

A permanent sense of self and object (other) that develops at about age 3.

Answer 483

The understanding that objects continue to exist when they are no longer detectable by the senses (e.g., when they are out of sight). Object permanence emerges at the end of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development.

Answer 484

Bandura's observational learning theory predicts that behaviors can be acquired simply by observing someone else (a model) perform those behaviors (i.e., the acquisition of behavior is due largely to social influences) and that learning is cognitively mediated and involves four processes: attention, retention, production, and motivation. The research suggests that guided participation (participant modeling) is the most effective type of observational learning, especially for treating phobic reactions

Answer 485

Persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that an individual experiences as senseless or intrusive and that cause marked distress. The thoughts are not simply excessive worries about real-life problems, and the person may attempt to ignore, suppress, or neutralize them with other thoughts or actions

Answer 486

OCD is characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning. Obsessions are persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that the person experiences as intrusive and unwanted and that he/she attempts to ignore or suppress, and compulsions are repetitious and deliberate behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform either in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules. A combination of exposure with response prevention and the tricyclic clomipramine or an SSRI is usually the treatment-of-choice for OCD.

Answer 487

Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder is characterized by a persistent preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control that severely limits the individual's flexibility, opens, and efficiency. At least four characteristic symptoms must be present (e.g., exhibits perfectionism that interferes with task completion, is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships, is reluctant to delegate work to others unless they are willing to do it his/her way, adopts a miserly spending style toward self and others.).

Answer 488

The OASDI program (commonly known as "social security") is the largest income-maintenance program in the U.S. The program provides monthly benefits designed to replace, in part, the loss of income due to retirement, disability, or death. Coverage is nearly universal (approximately 96% of jobs in the U.S. are covered). Workers finance the program through a payroll tax that is levied under the Federal Insurance and Self-Employment Contribution Acts (FICA and SECA).

Answer 489

(A) An advocate or spokesperson for the people who are served by an organization to ensure that the organization's obligations, ethical duties, and rule are being followed, or (B) an individual employed by an organization to investigate potential illegal and/or unethical activities or unintended harmful consequences stemming from the organization's activities and to facilitate fair negotiations or actions toward satisfactory solutions.

Answer 490

Interview questions that define a topic area but allow a client to respond in whatever way he/she chooses. Effective for encouraging a client to self-disclose or expand on personal information and, thus, tend to elicit valuable data.

Answer 491

Therapy group in which members join and leave the group at different times. Also identified as group without a pre-set number of sessions or ending date.

Answer 492

A type of learning in which behaviors are increased or decreased as the result of the consequences (reinforcements or punishments) that follow them.

Answer 493

In operant conditioning, extinction refers to the elimination of a previously reinforced response through the consistent withholding of reinforcement following that response. Operant extinction is usually associated with a temporary increase in the response (an "extinction burst")

Answer 494

Opioid withdrawal occurs following cessation or reduction in opioid use that has been heavy and prolonged or after administration of an opioid antagonist following a period of opioid use. The diagnosis requires at least three characteristic symptoms - dysphoric mood; nausea or vomiting; muscle aches; lacrimation (excessive secretion of tears) or rhinorrhea (excessive mucus secretion from the nose); pupillary dilation, piloerection ("goose bumps" or erection of hair on the skin), or sweating; diarrhea; yawning; fever; and/or insomnia

Answer 495

Associated with social planning. The value of the resources that must be used to achieve a certain goal as weighed against the cost of other opportunities that would have to be abandoned to achieve that goal.

Answer 496

Oppositional defiant disorder involves a recurrent pattern of an angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness as evidenced by at least four characteristic symptoms that are exhibited during interactions with at least one person who is not a sibling. Examples of symptoms include often loses temper, often argues with authority figures, often actively refuses to comply with requests from authority figures or with rules, and often blames others for his/her mistakes.

Answer 497

The scale of measurement in which the variable is divided into ordered categories, scores, or levels. A limitation of ordinal scores is that they do not lend themselves to determine just how much difference there is between scores. For example, we can't say that the person with a rank of 10 has twice as much of the characteristic as the person with a rank of 5, only that he/she is ranked higher.

Answer 498

A way of viewing social systems that compares social systems to living organisms. Each part of the system has a special function, and, if each part performs its function as intended, the parts work together for the common good. This analogy may apply if key people in a community or an organization can agree on how to resolve a problem.

Answer 499

An accurate awareness of person, place, time, situation, familiar objects, and other people. Marked disorientation may be associated with severe mental illness, substance intoxication, or a pathological brain syndrome (e.g., delirium)

Answer 500

Approach to social program evaluation that emphasizes the evaluation of expected results. If productivity is being evaluated, a "quantitative outcome model" is used to measure, in numbers, program factors such as activity, revenue, and so forth. If clients' perceptions of a program are being evaluated, a "qualitative outcome model" is used

Answer 501

The DSM-5's Outline for Cultural Formulation provides guidelines for assessing four factors: the client's cultural identity; the client's cultural conceptualization of distress; the psychosocial stressors and cultural factors that impact the client's vulnerability and resilience; and cultural factors relevant to the relationship between the client and therapist.

Answer 502

Public relations approach in which efforts are made to bring an agency's services and information about its services to people in thier homes or other natural environments. Avenues used to achieve outreach include case finding, public speaking, interagency collaboration, and written material.

Answer 503

An operant technique used to eliminate an undesirable behavior. It involves having the individual correct the consequences of his/her behavior (restitution) and/or practice corrective behaviors (positive practice). Overcorrection may require constant supervision and/or physical guidance

Answer 504

A sudden surge of intense fear or discomfort that peaks within minutes and includes four or more symptoms (e.g., palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate; sweating; trembling; shortness of breath; chest pain or discomfort; nausea; feeling unsteady, light-headed, or faint; chills or heat sensations; numbness or tingling; derealization or depersonalization; fear of losing control; fear of dying). Panic attacks can occur in the context of any anxiety disorder as well in the context of some other mental disorders (e.g., depressive disorders, PTSD, substance use disorders) and other medical conditions. Panic disorder requires at least two unexpected panic attacks. Unexpected (inched) panic attacks are not associated with any internal or external trigger (they occur "out of the blue")

Answer 505

Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent (at least two) unexpected panic attacks with at least one attack being followed by one month of persistent concern about having additional attacks or about their consequences and/or involving a significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attack. Cognitive behavioral interventions that incorporate exposure are the treatment-of-choice for this disorder

Answer 506

Therapeutic interventions in which the therapist deliberately gives the client a directive that the therapist wants the client to resist; the resulting change in the client is then the result of defying the therapist's directive. Examples include prescribing the symptom and restraining.

Answer 507

Phenomenon in supervisory interactions in which a worker unconsciously reenacts certain client behavior in an effort to understand it better and get help from the supervisor in dealing with it.

Answer 508

Paranoid personality disorder involves a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspiciousness that entails interpreting the motives of others as malevolent. The diagnosis requires the presence of at least four characteristic symptoms (e.g., suspects that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him/her without a sufficient basis for doing so; reads demeaning content into benign remarks or events; persistently bears grudges; is persistently suspicious about the fidelity of his/her spouse or sexual partner without justification.

Answer 509

The paraphilia disorders include voyeuristic, exhibitionistic, frotteuristic, sexual sadism, pedophilic, fetishistic, and transvestite disorder. These disorders are characterized by an "intense and persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature, consenting human partners...(that) is currently causing distress or impairment to the individual or.... has entailed personal harm, or risk to harm, to others" (APA, 2013, pp. 685-686)

Answer 510

A selective restatement of the main idea of a client's message that resembles his/her message but is not identical to it. A paraphrase emphasizes the literal meaning of the client's message (the content rather than affect) and is expressed in fewer words than the client has used.

Answer 511

Individuals with specialized training and knowledge who work with and are supervised by professionals and who perform many tasks that used to be done by the professionals. For example, social work associates

Answer 512

The division of the autonomic nervous system involved in the conservation of energy and relaxation. Activation of the parasympathetic division is associated with a slowing of heart rate, lowered blood pressure, contraction of pupils, reduction of sweat gland output, and increased activity of the digestive system.

Answer 513

Process within a family system in which a spouse, or more typically, a child, is expected to take on a significant parenting role in the family. Represents a subjective distortion of family relationships in which a family member acts as though his/her spouse or child were actually his/her parent (e.g., a child assumes excessive responsibility in a pseudo-adult role by emotionally or physically caring for a weak parent or a vulnerable marriage)

Answer 514

Baumrind distinguishes between four styles that reflect various combinations of responsively and demandingness: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and rejecting-neglecting. High parental responsively mixed with moderate control (an "authoritative style") is associated with the best outcomes including greater self-confidence and self-reliance, achievement-orientation, and social responsibility.

Answer 515

Movement disorder involving bradykinesia (slowness of movement), rigidity, and resting tremor. About 20-60 percent of pt's eventually develop neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson's disease

Answer 516

The method of temporarily considering a client's interconnected problems as separate issues so that planning and doing the work toward resolving them can be more manageable. After a client's problems have been partialized, the social worker and client will ordinarily first deal with those that need immediate attention.

Answer 517

A technique based on observational learning theory in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior and then helps the individual to gradually imitate the modeled behavior.

Answer 518

An approach to social agency administration that allows democratic involvement in the formulation of agency policies and procedures. When agency staff are part of participatory administration, they tend to perform better, which, in turn, improves the performance of the agency.

Answer 519

Decision-making strategy in which administrators involve all those who are likely to be affected by a proposed organizational decision or change. Includes building voluntary consensus and commitment among personnel, clientele, sponsors, and other interested parties to achieve organizational goals.

Answer 520

Research using Ainsworth's "strange situation" revealed four patterns of attachment: secure, insecure/ambivalent, insecure/avoidant, and disorganized/disoriented. Each is associated with different caregiver behaviors and different personality and behavioral outcomes

Answer 521

Supervision approach in which a group of workers at an agency meets regularly without a leader to review cases and treatment approaches and share expertise. The workers take responsibility for their own and each other's professional development and for maintaining standards of agency service.

Answer 522

A formal evaluation by peer group of a professional's specific actions or overall competence. Peer review is used primarily for the purposes of quality assurance. Often, it is used as an alternative to the legal system to settle disputes between practitioners, consumers, and third-party payers.

Answer 523

The nervous system elements lying outside of the spinal cord and brain. The PNS consists of the spinal and cranial nerves and is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Answer 524

Child welfare strategy used to provide alternatives to temporary foster care placement through organized efforts to provide long-term continuity in the care of dependent children.

Answer 525

Persistent depressive disorder is characterized by a depressed mood (or in children and adolescents, a depressed or irritable mood) on most days for at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents as indicated by the presence of at least two characteristic symptoms (i.e., poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, feelings of hopelessness). During the two- or one-year period, the individual has not been symptom-free for more than two months, and symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning

Answer 526

PRWORA (1996) was designed to reform the nation's welfare system into one that requires work in exchange for time-limited assistance. The law either eliminated or placed new restrictions on many national programs and established the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program

Answer 527

Therapeutic approach based on the assumptions that people possess an inherent ability for growth and self-actualization and the maladaptive behavior occurs when " incongruence between self and experience" disrupts this natural tendency. The therapist's role in person-centered therapy is to provide the client with three facilitative conditions (empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard), which enable the client to return to his/her natural tendency for self-actualization

Answer 528

A framework that views the client as part of an environmental system and is concerned with the reciprocal relationships and other influences between a client and his/her physical and social environement

Answer 529

A diagnostic taxonomy used to describe, classify, and code problems in adult social functioning. Problems are grouped into four factors; factor I, problems in social role functioning; factor II, problems in the environment; factor III, mental health problems; and factor IV, physical health problems

Answer 530

PIE theory assumes that human problems have their roots in both individual and situational factors and that understanding and treating human problems requires a dual focus on the individual and environmental forces

Answer 531

Program management technique used to systematically related goals to the means of achieving them. PERT assesses program objectives, the activities, resources, and time needed to achieve the objectives, and the order in which the activities should be performed

Answer 532

Potential cause of intellectual disability due to an inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. Can be prevented by providing a diet low in phenylalanine

Answer 533

The non accidental physical injury to a child caused by a parent or other caregiver. May result from an act of commission or from an act of omission (e.g., failure to protect the child). Occurs across all socioeconomic classes but a disproportionate number of known cases (i.e., reported cases, or those that come to the attention of authorities) involve low-income families. Perpetrators of child physical abuse are more often female than male; and young, low-income, single mothers with young children are at greatest risk of abusing their children

Answer 534

A parent's or other caregiver's persistent lack of attention to the child's basic physical needs (e.g., food, shelter, clothing, supervision, health care). Types of neglect include abandonment/lack of supervision; nutritional neglect; hygiene neglect; medical neglect; shelter neglect; educational neglect; and some cases of failure to thrive (signs of chronic undernutrition). Any acts of commission or omission that put a child in danger constitute child endangerment, and physical neglect is the most common type of child endangerment

Answer 535

Proposes that knowledge is actively constructed by the individual from elements provided by both maturation and experience. According to Piaget, cognitive development involves four universal and invariant stages; sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Answer 536

A deliberate series of actions directed toward improving a client's social functioning or well-being. Includes five phases (intake and engagement; data collection and assessment; planning and contracting; intervention and monitoring; and final evaluation and termination) and the involvement of four main systems (change agent system, client system, target system, and action system).

Answer 537

According to Frued, the function of the id that reduces tension by gratification of instinctual needs without regard for logic, reality or morality.

Answer 538

A key feature of cybernetics is its concept of the feedback loop through which a system receives information. A negative feedback loop reduces deviation and helps a system maintain its status quo, while a positive feedback loop amplifies deviation or change and thereby disrupts the system.

Answer 539

A distribution in which scores are "piled up" in the negative (low score) side of the distribution, but a few scores are located in the distribution's positive tail.

Answer 540

In operant conditioning, the application of a stimulus following a response with the goal of reducing or eliminating the response.

Answer 541

In operant conditioning, the application of a stimulus following a response with a goal of increasing the occurrence or strength of the response.

Answer 542

A method for reducing resistances. Involves attributing positive intentions to what normally would be regarded as undesirable, behavior by a group member or the group

Answer 543

These include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized behavior. The active phase symptoms of schizophrenia include delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganized speech and may also include grossly disorganized behavior or negative symptoms. See also negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 544

For Kohlberg, the final level of moral development. At this level, moral judgments are independent or personal consequences and social convention and are based on social contracts, democratically determined laws, and universal principles. Many adults do not reach this stage of moral development.

Answer 545

Depression that may affect women after childbirth. Early-onset PPD ("baby blues") begins right after delivery, lasts about 10-12 days without medical intervention, and is relatively mild. Later-onset PPD is more serious and is typically recognized several weeks after delivery. Indicators include severe mood swings; a lack of joy in life; intense irritability and anger; withdrawal from family and friends; feelings of shame, guilt, or inadequacy; loss of appetite; insomnia; overwhelming fatigue; loss of interest in sex; thoughts of harming oneself or one's baby; and difficulty bonding with one's baby.

Answer 546

The diagnosis of PTSD requires exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence; presence of at least one intrusion symptom related to the event; persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the event; negative changes in cognition or mood associated with the event; and marked change in arousal and reactivity associated with the event. Symptoms must have a duration of more than one month and must cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning. The treatment-of-choice is a comprehensive cognitive-behavioral intervention that incorporates exposure, cognitive restructuring, and anxiety management or similar techniques.

Answer 547

Index of the amount of money necessary to enable a person to live at a minimum standard of living. Revised regularly to reflect changes in the cost-of-living index.

Answer 548

The individuals in a community who have the greatest access to resources and who, due to their social status, influence the decisions made on behalf of the community. These individuals are often political leader, financial and industrial executives, clergy members, and indigenous community leaders.

Answer 549

Planning and budgeting technique that relates spending to outputs (services) rather than inputs (capital, etc.) and specifies objectives and measures progress in terms of end products. The essential concept is that each program component included in a budget must carry a stated objective; this way, spending can be justified in terms of how a program's various activities contribute to its overall objectives. The focus is on a program's individual components and how each fits in terms of a cost-benefit analysis into overall, long-range plan. Agencies using this process must analyze their goals, priorities, and capabilities every year.

Answer 550

Systematically developed statements to facilitate practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. Developed on the basis on empirical (observed) evidence of efficacy and serve several purposes including standardizing and improving the quality of client care; helping clinicians identify the most effective treatment approaches for specific disorders; and reducing the costs of health care.

Answer 551

The final stressful event in a series of events that moves a person from a state of acute vulnerability into crisis. The precipitating factor is often a minor event but it can assume catastrophic proportions in the context of other stressful events and the person's inability to use his/her usual problem-solving strategies

Answer 552

According to Kohlberg, the first level of moral development in which judgments of right and wrong are based on consequences and personal needs. Includes the punishment-obedience and instrumental hedonism stages. Characteristic of childhood.

Answer 553

An application of positive reinforcement that involves using a high-frequency behavior as a positive reinforcer for a low-frequency behavior

Answer 554

Infants born before 37 weeks (9.25 Months) are considered premature. Risk factors for prematurity include low SES, teen motherhood, malnutrition, and drug use. In the absence of significant abnormalities and with appropriate medical attention and a supportive environment, most premature infants catch up to their non premature peers in terms of cognitive, language, and social skills by 2 or 3 years of age.

Answer 555

Second stage in Piaget's model of cognitive development (age2 through 7 years). Children at this age can think symbolically but haven't mastered logical operations (e.g., mental addition, classification, conservation)

Answer 556

One of the original paradoxical interventions. It forces a patient to either give up the symptom or admit that it is under voluntary control. The prescription of the symptom - for example, telling an overprotective mother to take better care of her child - is thought to create the possibility of unbalancing the family situation, which would make the family more available for change.

Answer 557

Consists of the perceived symptoms and overt issues or difficulties that, according to the client, constitute the problem for which he/she has sought help. May not be the actual problem, or the problem that needs attention (i.e., may be a distortion of the actual problem or a matter that the client feels safer disclosing or a client and his/her family may misunderstand the problem or not understand it fully). Nevertheless, a social worker should "start where the client is" during assessment and focus initially on eliciting the presenting problem.

Answer 558

An approach to the alleviation of mental disorders that is associated with both community mental health and public health. Preventions are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary; Primary prevention make an intervention available to all members of a target group or population in order to keep them from developing a disorder. Secondary preventions identify at-risk individuals and offer them appropriate treatment. Tertiary preventions are designed to reduce the duration and consequences of an illness that has already occurred.

Answer 559

Two mechanisms used to explain the development of symptoms: With primary gain, the symptom keeps an internal conflict or need out of conscious awareness; with secondary gain, the symptom helps the individual avoid a noxious activity or obtain otherwise unavailable support from the environment.

Answer 560

Informal community groups (e.g., families, peer groups, neighborhoods) that emphasize long-term emotional relationships. Their purpose is to meet the emotional and social needs of their members but a primary group may also be concerned with changing institutions

Answer 561

Community mental health intervention aimed at reducing the prevalence of mental disorders by reducing the incidence of new cases. Examples include prenatal nutrition programs for lower SES mothers and public education programs on drug abuse

Answer 562

A stimulus that has reinforcing value without conditioning (learning). Examples include food and water

Answer 563

A general legal term that refers to an individual's right to have information about his/her life withheld from others. While privacy originated from laws guaranteeing individuals freedom from invasion (of privacy) by governmental agencies, it now applies in situations involving nongovernmental agencies as well

Answer 564

A social agency that is privately owned and is operated by people who are not employed by a government. A board of directors has ultimate responsibility for a private agency's programmatic and financial operations.

Answer 565

The client, other people, and elements in the environment that interact to produce and/or maintain the client's problem situation. Consists of three systems that interact to produce and maintain human problems: the interpersonal system (biophysical, emotional, psychological); the interpersonal system (family, other relationships); and the environmental system (support system, resources).

Answer 566

A detailed case recording procedure that emphasizes recording objective and subjective information about social worker-client interactions during treatment. It is frequently used to help new social workers and social work students learn practice skills; more experienced workers may use it when they are having usual problems with a client and want to maintain a detailed record that can be examined by a supervisor, consultant, or peers.

Answer 567

In social work, assessments carried out to obtain information that can be used to improve social programs and social service accountability. Involves using applied social research to discover the extent to which social programs are carried out efficiently and effectively.

Answer 568

(A) Effort; Evaluates the resources needed to reach program objectives. (B) Impact; Examines the program's effect on board social change. (C) Effectiveness: Determines how well the objectives of the program were met in terms of client change. (D) Efficiency: Assesses the economics of program operation in relation to its accomplishments (the ideal is maximum performance using minimal resources). (E) Quality: Examines professional competence and standards of service.

Answer 569

Involves selecting and planning activities (drama, art, dance, music, sports, parties, work tasks, etc.) to create opportunities for clients to learn new behaviors and experience positive interactions with others and to guide the group process in desired directions.

Answer 570

A defense mechanism. Involves attributing one's own unacceptable instinctual needs and drives to another person. Projection is derived from the primitive thought process of egocentrism

Answer 571

A concept associated with object-relations theories. Consists of three steps: An aspect of the self is projected onto someone else; the projector tries to coerce the other person to identify with what has been projected; and the projector and the recipient of the projection feel a sense of oneness or union. In object-relations family therapy, is considered a common source of dysfunction - i.e., a family member projects old introjects onto another family member and then reacts to that person as though he/she actually has the projected characteristics or provokes the person to act in ways consistent with the projected characteristics

Answer 572

Relatively unstructured personality tests (e.g., Rorschach, TAT) in which the stimuli are ambiguous and the responses required are open-ended. Their development and use are based on the "projective hypothesis,' which proposes that a person's interpretation of ambiguous stimuli provides information about his/her personality traits, needs, feelings, conflicts, etc.

Answer 573

A social agency that provides designated social services that often are similar to those provided by nonprofit private social agencies, but one of its major purposes is to make a financial profit for its owners

Answer 574

The delivery of social services for profit, typically by self-employed professionals in nonclinical settings. The term "private practice" has a similar meaning but usually refers to clinical practice. Social workers in private practice assume responsibility the services they provide in exchange for direct payment or third-party reimbursement

Answer 575

Protective factors coexisting with risk are personal, social, and institutional factors that promote personal competence and successful development and, thereby, decrease the likelihood of a problem occurring. Examples include adequate prenatal care, active coping mechanisms, and low family stress

Answer 576

Intervention on behalf of individuals who are or may be in danger of harm from others or who are unable to care for themselves (e.g., children, the elderly, the disabled). The main activities include investigating situations in which a person is alleged to be at risk, minimizing further risk, improving current conditions, accessing resources, and facilitating placement in alternative environments when necessary

Answer 577

Superficial bickering in a family that serves to blur both underlying issues of intimacy and affection that are anxiety producing and destructive elements in family interaction. Maintains the status-quo of vulnerable relationships in a fixed form

Answer 578

A pretense of family harmony that masks both underlying splits and deeper affections and frustrates further examination and exploration - individuals in the family are absorbed in fitting together at the expense of differentiating their personal identities. Family members view individuation and any change of role structures as threatening to the family structure

Answer 579

The doctrine that all actions, thoughts, verbalizations, etc., are meaningful and obey the law of cause and effect (e.g., slips of the tongue reflect unconscious material)

Answer 580

Agents that interact with the central nervous system in a way that produces changes in mood, consciousness, perception, and/or behavior. The psychoactive drugs exert their effects in various ways but all have one of two basic effects: They either increase or decrease the effectiveness of transmission at nerve synapses. Psychoactive drugs also have side-effects that may interfere with a person's physical, psychological, and/or social functioning or well-being

Answer 581

A therapeutic technique that involves having clients dramatically act out (role-play) the conflicts they are having with other people or other situations. Psychodrama involves a protagonist (the client), auxiliary egos (individuals trained to act out aspects of the client's situation), and the director (therapist)

Answer 582

(classical psychoanalysis, the therapeutic approaches of the ego-analysts, the object-relations theorists, and the neo-Freudians, Adler's individual psychology, Jung's analytical psychotherapy) These therapies view human behavior as being motivated largely by unconscious processes, regard early development as having a profound effect on adult functioning, propose that there are general (universal) principles that explain personality development and behavior, and consider insight into unconscious processes to be a key component of psychotherapy. They generally give more attention to clients' social functioning by helping them understand their conflicting thoughts and feelings.

Answer 583

A form of information giving that involves teaching a client and his/her family about the nature of the client's disorder or condition, including its etiology, progression, consequences, prognosis, treatment, and alternatives

Answer 584

The tendency to resist being influenced or manipulated by others, usually by doing the opposite of what is desired or expected

Answer 585

Freud's theory of personality development, which proposes that development involves five invariant stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), in which the libido shifts from one area of the body to another

Answer 586

Erikson;s theory of personality development, which proposes that an individual faces different social crisis at different points (stages) throughout the life span. These stages are trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generatively vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair

Answer 587

A legal term referring to a client's statutory right not to have confidential information disclosed (without his/her permission) especially during legal proceedings. The legal requirements with regard to privilege vary from state to state

Answer 588

An agency established by legislation adopted by elected officials at the federal, state, county, or city level; funded by tax dollars; run by a unit of government; and generally regulated by lows that directly affect policy

Answer 589

Government funded financial assistance to individuals who cannot support themselves

Answer 590

Social security program established to provide decent and safe rental housing for eligible low-income families, the elderly, and persons with disabilities. Public housing ranges from single family houses to high-rise apartments for elderly people. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) administers federal aid to local public housing authorities (PHAs that manage and operate the housing program for low-income residents at rents the can afford. Public housing is limited to low-income families and individuals. The PHA determines the individual's eligibility based on annual gross income; whether the applicant qualifies as elderly, a person with a disability, or a family; and U.S. citizenship or eligible immigration status

Answer 591

In operant conditioning, a method used to decrease a behavior by applying or withdrawing a stimulus following the behavior. A major disadvantage of punishment is that it suppresses rather than eliminates a behavior

Answer 592

A financial arrangement between two or more social agencies or between an agency and a government organization. When the agreement is between a private agency and a public (governmental) agency, the private agency is paid to provide particular services (i.e., the private agency is funded, in part, by tax dollars); the government retains control over financing and decision-making functions but the delivery of services is moved to the private sector

Answer 593

A term used to illustrate the polarity that results in a dyadic (two-person) relationship when the members have opposing responses to anxiety or conflict. The pursuer believes that the solution lies in external action or moving toward another for comfort. The distance avoids anxiety or conflict by withdrawing and moving away from others. The individuals may alter the roles they play but the pattern of interaction remains stable

Answer 594

Procedures and steps undertaken by an organization to determine whether its goods and services meet the standards established for them. Quality assurance programs usually examine whether professional complied with standards, rather than the outcome of their services. Quality assurance procedures for social workers include the requirement for adequate education from an accredited school of social work, supervision, licensing and certification, and continuing education requirements. For the profession, sample procedures include a code of ethics, peer review, utilization review, program evaluation, professional sanctions, and lawsuits

Answer 595

Participatory management approach in which a group of workers at an agency or elsewhere voluntarily meets to identify, study, and solve work-related problems. Representatives of the quality circle then present their solutions to management

Answer 596

Experimental research in which an investigator's experimental control is limited; especially his/her ability to assign subjects to groups because intact groups must be used, the variable of interest is an organismic variable, or the study includes only one group that will be compared to itself. A limitation of quasi-experimental research is that it does not allow an investigator to conclude that an observed relationship between variables is a causal one

Answer 597

Distinguishes between five stages that people experience as they attempt to understand themselves in terms of their own culture, the dominant culture, and the oppressive relationship between the two cultures. The five stages are: conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness

Answer 598

Racism is a system of power and privilege that may be manifested in attitudes, behaviors, and/or institutional structures based on people's skin color. Levels of racism include institutional racism (denial or restriction of material conditions and access to power to members of minority groups); personally mediated racism (prejudice and discrimination at the individual level); and internalized racism (acceptance by members of the stigmatized races of negative messages about their own abilities and intrinsic worth)

Answer 599

Relatively short, self-administered, and easily scored instruments useful for demonstrating that a client's condition warrants treatment because of its effects on his/her functioning. Examples include the SF-36 Health Survey and SF-12 Health Survey

Answer 600

Consists of a sense of trust between a social worker and client, a comfortable atmosphere, and a mutual understanding of the purpose of an interview. Many experts believe that rapport must start to develop in the first face-to-face interview because a client's sense of trust and comfort are vital for facilitating a productive assessment

Answer 601

From the perspective of REBT, behavior is a chain of events - A, B, and C - where A is the external event to which the individual is exposed; B is the belief that individual has about A; and C is the emotion or behavior that results from B. In other words, an emotional or behavioral response to an external event is due to beliefs about that event rather than to the event itself. According to Ellis, the founder of REBT the primary cause of neurosis is the continual repetition of certain common irrational beliefs and these beliefs are the appropriate target of therapy

Answer 602

A defense mechanism. Occurs when an individual interprets his/her behaviors in a way that makes them seem more rational, logical and/or socially acceptable. Rarely appears before adolescence

Answer 603

The scale of measurement that has equal intervals between successive points on the measurement scale and an absolute zero point. An absolute zero point makes it possible to multiply and divide ratio scores and to determine more precisely how much more or less of a characteristic one subject has compared to another

Answer 604

A defense mechanism in which a person avoids an anxiety-evoking instinct by actively expressing its opposite

Answer 605

Reactive attachement disorder is characterized by a pattern of inhibited and emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers as manifested by a lack of seeking or responding to comfort when distressed and a persistent social and emotional disturbance. The diagnosis requires evidence that the child has experienced extreme insufficient care that is believed to be the cause of the disturbed behavior. Symptoms must be apparent before the child is 5 years of age, and the child must have a developmental age of at least 9 months

Answer 606

The response of research subjects that is caused by their awareness of being participants in a research study and/or the knowledge that their behaviors are being observed. Can threaten a study's internal and external validity. Reactivity may also refer more generally to the tendency for people behave differently because they know they are being observed; this tendency can compromise the validity of a formal or informal observational procedure

Answer 607

According to Freud, the ego function that gratifies id needs in a manner consistent with the realistic demands of the environment

Answer 608

The primary goal of reality therapy is to help clients identify responsible and effective ways to satisfy their needs and thereby to develop a success identity. Reality therapy rejects the medical model and the concept of mental illness: focuses on current behaviors and beliefs; views transference as detrimental to therapy progress; stresses conscious processes; emphasizes value judgements, especially the clients specific behaviors that will enable them to fulfill their needs

Answer 609

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act, a "qualified person with a disability" is someone with a disability who. with or without "reasonable accommodation," can perform the essential functions of the job he/she holds or has applied for. Reasonable accommodation involves, among other things, making existing workplace facilities readily accessible to and usable by the person with a disability and the acquisition or modification of needed equipment.

Answer 610

A form of empathic responding used to build trust and understanding. At the reciprocal level, the social worker's verbal and nonverbal responses convey understanding, but are more or less interchangeable with the client's basic messages: They accurately reflect factual aspects of the client's messages and his/her surface feelings

Answer 611

A form of counter-conditioning developed by Wolpe to alleviate anxiety reactions by pairing a stimulus that produces anxiety (CS) with a stimulus that produces relaxation or other incompatible response (US)

Answer 612

A source of power for supervisors and other leaders that derives from a subordinate's identification with the leader and eagerness to be like him/her and liked by him/her. See also bases of social power.

Answer 613

An active listening skill that involves restating or repeating something a client has just said with an emphasis on the part of the message that is most helpful. Its key purpose is to build understanding. In reflecting content a social worker considers what elements of a client's message are most likely to promote achievement of the interview's goals and then uses that content in the reflection; a simple reflection of content will then repeat, verbatim, a key word or phrase from the client's message. In reflecting feeling, a social worker expresses the emotional component of the client's message: Rather than responding to only the client's words, the worker also infers from those words, other verbal cues, and nonverbal cues what the client is feeling about the information being disclosed.

Answer 614

A technique used to help clients change the negative meaning they give to an event, behavior, or life experience through gently persuading them that it can be viewed in a different and more positive light. For example, the social worker may offer a new perspective, encourage a client to come up with a new perspective, or redefine a problem behavior as a positive behavior that has been taken to an extreme.

Answer 615

A defense mechanism. Occurs when a person retreats to an earlier, safer stage of development and behaves in ways characteristic of that stage

Answer 616

In family therapy, relabeling is used to offer family members an alternative way of perceiving and understanding a symptom, behavior, or problem; the idea is that, when family members view the problem from a different perspective, they may begin responding to it in a different, often healthier, way. Re-framing is also used to help family members perceive and understand symptoms or behaviors in a new light; the goal of re-framing, however, is usually to change a family's understanding of a symptom from one individual's problem to a family problem.

Answer 617

A self-management approach emphasized at all stages of addiction treatment. The most common precipitant of relapse among people recovering from substance-use disorders is the experience of anxiety, frustration, depression, or other negative emotional states. According to Marlatt and Gordon, the potential for future relapse is from specific, external, and controllable factors. Their relapse prevention program combines behavioral and cognitive techniques that are aimed at helping clients deal effectively with situations that elicit negative emotions and other high-risk situation

Answer 618

A theory proposing that, in early adolescence, girls experience a relational crisis due to pressures to conform to cultural stereotypes of femininity. As a result, they become disconnected from themselves (e.g., experience a "loss of voice")

Answer 619

An individual's standard of living is well below that of the mainstream community but higher than the subsistence level. See also absolute poverty

Answer 620

The degree of accuracy (repeatability, consistency) of a test

Answer 621

A defense mechanism. Occurs when the id's drives and needs are excluded from conscious awareness by maintaining them in the unconscious. Considered the most "basic" defense mechanism because it is also the goal of all other defense mechanisms and the foundation of all neuroses

Answer 622

A person's ability to function adaptively despite exposure to risks

Answer 623

Longitudinal research by Werner and Smith suggests that exposure to early (prenatal and perinatal) stress may be ameliorated when the baby experiences fewer stressors following birth, exhibits good communication skills and social responsiveness, and receives stable support from a parent or other caregiver

Answer 624

The client's reluctance to bring into conscious awareness repressed, threatening unconscious material. May be manifested as missed appointments, silence during free association, or hostility toward the therapist. Interpretation of a client's resistance leads to insight

Answer 625

A self-help or therapy group that helps members adjust to new social roles (e.g., the members may be newly divorced)

Answer 626

Resource systems in communities include (A) societal resource systems (e.g., social service agencies and programs and health-care and educational systems) that provide specific kinds of assistance to community residents; (B) formal resource systems (e.g., voluntary membership organizations such as congregations and civic groups); and (C) informal resources systems that perform mutual support activities and include family, friends, neighbors, and coworkers

Answer 627

The legal liability of supervisors (or other employers) for the job-related actions of their supervisees (or employees). When a worker engages in a practice that harms a client, the worker's supervisor can be held liable along with the worker.

Answer 628

A form of negative punishment that involves removing a reinforcer (e.g, a specific number of tokens or points) following a behavior in order to reduce that behavior.

Answer 629

A loss of memory for events that occurred or information that was acquired prior to the trauma or other event that caused the amnesia

Answer 630

A type of single-subject design that includes, at a minimum, two baseline phases and one treatment phase (e.g., an ABA or ABAB design). The treatment is withdrawn ("reversed") during the second and subsequent baseline phases

Answer 631

A source of power for supervisors and other leaders involving the ability to control tangible rewards (raises, work assignments, etc.) and psychic rewards (e.g., praise). See also bases of social power

Answer 632

Hazards within a person or in the environment that increase the likelihood of a problem occurring. Examples include genetic predisposition for a mental disorder, insecure attachment pattern, and living in poverty

Answer 633

Technique used to facilitate committee or group members in expressing their concerns about an issue or proposed action

Answer 634

A social role is defined in terms of fulfilling an established and regulated position in society (e.g., child, parent, sibling, spouse, employee, organization member, neighbor, immigrant, patient, parolee

Answer 635

An individual's own beliefs and assumptions about how he/she is supposed to behave in a particular social role. What an individual expects of him/herself may not conform to the role expectations defined by others and the wider society

Answer 636

The knowledge, skills, physical and mental abilities, and other personal attributes an individual must have in order to successfully perform a given social role

Answer 637

Beliefs held by relevant others (family, cultural models, society, etc.) regarding how a person in a particular social role should behave. A person's patterned behaviors are often influenced by his/her various social roles

Answer 638

A part of the contracting process with clients when the roles of the client(s) and the social worker are defined. This process tends to reduce the ambiguity of the helping process and the anxiety of clients

Answer 639

An individual's actual behavior while performing a social role. A person's role performance may be consistent with his/her role conception but not conform to other's role expectations

Answer 640

A technique in which a client rehearses behaviors that will be useful in a particular situation so that he/she can meet a goal or fulfill an expectation. For example, the client practices the behavior in the social worker's presence and then receives feedback from the worker. When used in this way, as a part of behavioral rehearsal, role-playing is effective for increasing a client's sense of self-efficacy

Answer 641

A technique used to help clients understand the perceptions and feelings of significant others. It involves having one person (e.g., a spouse, a parent) take on the perspective of another person (e.g., the other spouse, the child) in an effort to better understand him/her. Is particularly useful in couple and family therapy and is indicated whenever one or both parties in a relationship have little or no awareness of how the other one feels

Answer 642

Set of concepts that define how the behaviors of individuals are influenced by the different social positions they hold and the expectations that accompany those postitions

Answer 643

Rutter argues that the greater the number of risk factors a baby is exposed to, the greater the risk for negative outcomes. He concludes that the following six family risk factors are particularly accurate predictors of child psychopathology: severe marital discord, low socioeconomic status, overcrowding or large family size, parental criminality, maternal psychopathology, and the placement of a child outside the home

Answer 644

Corrective or disciplinary actions a supervisor may take in response to worker noncompliance, listed from least to most severe, include a review of the situation with the worker; a warning; a verbal reprimand if the behavior continues; a written reprimand placed in the worker's file; a lower-than average evaluation rating; suspension for a limited period; demotion; and dismissal. Other guidelines for taking disciplinary action include the following: (A) The supervisor's objective in applying a sanction should be preventative and corrective, not punitive. (B) The supervisor should respond in a timely way the first time a worker chooses to be noncompliant. (C) The supervisor should discuss in private with a worker any behavior that calls for a reprimand. (D) When delivering a reprimand, the supervisor should be impersonal, consistent, specific, and factual. (E) A reprimand tends to be more effective when the supervisor also communicates concern for the worker, listens to the worker's explanation of the situation and tries to understand how the worker sees it, and conveys a desire to help the worker improve or change

Answer 645

Satiation is the condition of being satisfied or gratified with regard to a particular reinforcer. Satiation is a problem with continuous reinforcement and with the use of primary (unconditioned) reinforcers. Satiation must be distinguished from habituation., which is the process of becoming accustomed (physiologically nonreactive) to a stimulus as the result of prolonged exposure to that stimulus. Habituation may occur when using punishment if the punishment is initially delivered at low intensity and thereafter gradually increased in intensity

Answer 646

The first consideration when choosing a statistical technique is usually the scale of measurement of the data that is to be described or analyzed. There are four different measurement scales - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio - and each involves dividing a set of observations into mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories. The differences between the four scales are that each provides a different kind of information and allows different mathematical operations to be performed

Answer 647

The process by which a family designates a member to be the object of displaced conflict or criticism. This family member is typically the identified patient. Commonly a child may become depressed or engage in delinquent behavior as a way of acting out stress in his/her parents' marriage

Answer 648

A knowledge structure or framework about a particular topic or process that influences how information and events are interpreted and responded to.

Answer 649

Schizoaffective disorder is a psychotic disorder involving an uninterrupted period of disturbance during which there are concurrent symptoms of a mood disorder and the active-phase symptoms of schizophrenia, with at least a two-week period in which hallucinations and delusions are present without predominant mood symptoms

Answer 650

Schizoid personality disorder involves a pervasive pattern of detachment from interpersonal relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in social settings with at least four characteristic symptoms - doesn't desire or enjoy close relationships; almost always chooses solitary activities; has little interest in sexual relationships; takes pleasure in few activities; lacks close friends or confidents other than first-degree relatives; seems indifferent to praise or criticism; exhibits emotional coldness or detachment

Answer 651

A diagnosis of schizophrenia requires the presence of at least two active phase symptoms (i.e., delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, negative symptoms) for at least one month, with at least one symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. There must be continuous signs of the disorder for at least six months, and symptoms must cause significant impairment in functioning. Treatment usually includes an antipsychotic drug, cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychoeducation, social skills training, supported employment, and other interventions for the individual with schizophrenia and psychosocial interventions for his/her family.

Answer 652

The diagnostic criteria for schizophreniform disorder are identical to those for schizophrenia except that the disturbance is present for at least one month but less than six months and impaired social or occupational functioning may occur but is not required

Answer 653

Schizotypal personality disorder is diagnosed in the presence of (A) pervasive social and interpersonal deficits involving acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships and (B) eccentricities in cognition, perception, and behavior as manifested by the presence of at least five symptoms (e.g., ideas of reference, odd beliefs or magical thinking that influence behavior, bodily illusions and other unusual perceptions, is suspicious or has paranoid ideation, inappropriate or constricted effect, lacks close friends or confidents other than first-degree relatives, excessive social anxiety)

Answer 654

A federal program that provides states with cash assistance for nonprofit breakfast programs in schools and residential child care institutions

Answer 655

Intense anxiety about going to school or being in school, usually accompanied by a stomachache, headache, nausea, and other physical symptoms

Answer 656

Social work practice in school settings that emphasizes enabling students to learn and function in the school environment. The school social worker mobilizes all facets of a student's life situation in an effort to foster a supportive learning environment for the student and serves as a vital link between the student's school, home, and community. School social workers adopt a strengths-based and empowerment approach to their practice; they seek to identify and build on existing strengths within students and the social systems in which students must function

Answer 657

As described by Taylor, involves scientifically analyzing jobs into their component parts and then standardizing those parts; scientifically selecting, training, and placing workers in jobs for which they are mentally and physically suited; fostering cooperation between supervisors and workers to minimize deviation from scientific methods of work; and having managers and workers assume responsibility for their own share of their work. Taylor believed that employees are motivated primarily by economic self-interest and argued that money is the most effective motivator

Answer 658

An adaptation of psychodrama in which family members position themselves (or objects that represent them) in a way that reflects their relations and roles within the family system. Can be useful for resealing family members' differing perceptions and feelings

Answer 659

Community mental health intervention that attempts to reduce the prevalence of mental disorders by reducing their duration through early detection and intervention (e.g., training teachers to recognize the early signs of behavior disorders and 24-hour emergency services such as walk-in clinics and hotlines)

Answer 660

Reinforces that are not inherently reinforcing but that acquire their reinforcing value through association with a primary reinforcer (e.g., tokens are reinforcing only because they can be exchanged for primary reinforcers)

Answer 661

Clozapine and other atypical (newer) antipsychotic drugs affect receptors for several neurotransmitters including dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate. These drugs are effective for both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and are less likely to produce tardive dyskinesia than the traditional antipsychotics. However, they can produce agranulocytosis (loss of the white blood cells that fight infection) and other blood dycrasias, as well as neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Their use requires careful blood monitoring

Answer 662

Basic changes in the structure and functioning of a system that alter its fundamental organization. A symptomatic family can be said to undergo second order change when a therapeutic intervention fundamentally disrupts the pattern of symptomatic interaction so that it ceases

Answer 663

A social security program. Section 8 rental voucher and rental certificate programs are the federal government's major programs for assisting very low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled to rent decent, safe, and sanitary housing in the private market. Because the rental assistance is provided on behalf of the family or individual, participants are able to find and lease privately owned housing, including single-family homes, townhouses, and apartments. The participant is free to choose any housing that meets the requirements of the program and is not limited to units located in subsidized housing projects. Eligibility for a rental voucher or certificate is determined by the local public housing authority based on total annual gross income and family size and is limited to U.S. citizens and specified categories of non citizens who have eligible immigration status. Generally the family's income cannot exceed 50 percent of the median income for the county or metropolitan area in which the family chooses to live

Answer 664

SRO housing assistance seeks to bring more standard single-room dwelling units into the local housing supply and to use those units to assist homeless individuals. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) contracts with public housing authorities (PHAs) to rehabilitate residential properties for SRO housing. PHAs make Section 8 rental assistance payments to participating owners on behalf of homeless individuals who rent the rehabilitated swellings. The rental assistance payments cover the difference between a portion of the tenant's income (normally 30 percent) and the unit's rent, which must be within the fair market rent established by HUD. Rental assistance for SRO units is provided for a period of 10 years

Answer 665

The sedative-hypnotics include the barbiturates, anxiolytics, and alcohol. These drugs are generalized CNS depressants, and their effects, for the most part, are dose dependent: At low doses, these drugs reduce arousal and motor activity; at moderate doses, they induce sedation and sleep; and at high doses, they can produce anesthesia, coma, and death. The benzodiazepines are a type of anxiolytic. Their side-effects include drowsiness, ataxia, slurred speech, and other signs of CNS depression; abrupt cessation can cause rebound hyper-excitability. The benzodiazepines are the most commonly prescribed anxiolytic and are used to alleviate anxiety and treat sleep disturbances, seizures, cerebral palsy, and alcohol withdrawal. Common side-effects include drowsiness, dizziness, lethargy, slurred speech, and impaired psychomotor ability. They can also produce paradoxical agitation, impaired sexual functioning, confusion, and sleep disturbances.

Answer 666

Interview technique used to determine the specific meaning of vague words that a client has used or to elicit specific information that might not otherwise be revealed. Having a client define or explain certain words helps the social worker understand the problem and prevents the worker from making assumptions

Answer 667

Social service delivery policy in which benefits and services are provided to only persons who meet specific, pre-established criteria; eligibility is often determined by using a means test. The amount of the benefit varies based on special needs, circumstances, or economic status

Answer 668

Techniques administered by the client him/herself and most commonly used to increase behaviors that occur less frequently than desired or to decrease self-injurious behaviors. Include self-monitoring, stimulus control, self-reinforcement, and self-punishment

Answer 669

Principle in social work practice that recognizes clients' need and right to make their own decisions and choices

Answer 670

Positive beliefs about one's self-efficacy (personal mastery) include feeling competent, effective, and in control of one's life. A person's self-efficacy beliefs determine how much effort he/she is willing to exert and how long he/she will continue to act when faced with obstacles

Answer 671

An expectation about a certain group, person, etc., that influences the way that group, person, etc. is perceived. Can occur when social workers or other therapists have biases about certain groups and may adversely affect treatment. For example, if a therapist believes the poor have low incomes because they are too lazy to work, he/she might not follow through on a poor client's request for vocational assistance

Answer 672

Groups intended to improve members' social functioning through a group experience and discussions with others who have, or had, similar problems or concerns. Examples of self-help groups include those through self-help organizations such as Alcoholics Anonymous, Overeaters Anonymous, and Parent Without Partners. Many self-help groups rely on leaders who are also members of the group but some are led by professionals or by members who have received training on how to conduct and lead meetings

Answer 673

A cognitive-behavioral technique in which the individual learns to modify maladaptive thoughts and behaviors through the use of covert self-statements. It was originally developed as a way to help impulsive and hyperactive children slow down their behaviors and guide themselves through academic and other types of tasks

Answer 674

Observational technique in which a client is asked to record information about the frequency and conditions surrounding a target behavior; the client may also be instructed to keep a journal of other important information such as his/her feelings and thoughts before, during, and after each occurrence of the behavior. Results provide detailed information about the behavior and the variables that influence it so that an appropriate intervention strategy can be developed and the effects of the intervention can be evaluated

Answer 675

The need for and ability to manage the impression that others form of us. High self-monitors are most concerned about their "public self" and, consequently, strive to match their attitudes and behaviors to the situation. Low self-monitors are guided primarily by their own beliefs and values and attempt to alter the situation to match their "private self"

Answer 676

Tools used to assess and diagnose specific client problems, determine the need for further assessment in specific areas, and facilitate treatment planning, monitoring, and outcome assessment. A useful alternative to longer psychological tests when the presence or severity of one problem, condition, or symptom is of particular concern. Are easy to administer and allow a social worker to learn a client's own perception of his/her problem; however, are susceptible to response sets on the part of the client, yield limited information, and must be supplemented with data from other sources

Answer 677

Technique used in sex therapy to reduce performance anxiety and increase sexual excitement. Involves "non-genital pleasuring" initially, gradually building to genital stimulation with a ban on intercourse

Answer 678

First stage in Piaget's model of cognitive development (the first two years of life). During this stage, knowledge is acquired through the senses and motor behaviors. The end of this stage is marked by the emergence of symbolic thought and object permanence

Answer 679

A normal fear response exhibited by a young child when he/she is separated from his/her mother or other primary caregiver. Begins at about 6 to 8 months, increases in intensity at about 14 to 18 months, and thereafter declines

Answer 680

Separation anxiety disorder involves developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety related to separation from home or attachment figures as evidenced by at least three symptoms (e.g., recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or major attachment figures, persistent excessive fear of being alone, repeated complaints of physical symptoms when separation from an attachment figure occurs or is anticipated). The disturbance must last at least four weeks in children and adolescents or six months in adults and must cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning

Answer 681

According to Mahler, the development of object relations occurs during a developmental stage termed separation-individuation, which begins at about age 4 months. Separation refers to the development of limits or the differentiation between the infant (self) and the mother; and individuation refers to the development of the infant's ego, sense of identity, and cognitive abilities

Answer 682

Means of delivering health and human services within communities. Informal service-delivery units include household units and social networks; mediating service-delivery units include self-help groups, grassroots associations, and voluntary associations; and formal service-delivery units include nonprofit and for-profit private agencies and public agencies

Answer 683

The initiation of an interaction with a child by an adult or older child for the purpose of sexually gratifying or stimulating the adult or older child or another person (e.g., genital fondling, molestation, rape, incest, sexual exploitation, exhibitionism, pedophilia). The majority of victims are assaulted by someone they know and trust (e.g., a parent, parent surrogate, other relative, friend). Only a small minority of sexual abusers use physical violence; most use bribes, threats, and other forms of coercion and/or the existing relationship with the child to gain the child's cooperation

Answer 684

Harek (2004) argues that sexual prejudice is a more precise term than homophobia and describes sexual prejudice as all negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual. Herek also uses the term heterosexism, which he defines as cultural ideologies or "systems that provide the rationale and operating instructions" that promote and perpetrate antipathy, hostility, and violence against homosexuals. Furthermore, stigma refers to "the shared knowledge of society's negative regard for any non heterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, or community."

Answer 685

Behavioral technique that involves teaching a new behavior through prompting and reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target behavior.

Answer 686

Research designs that involve obtaining repeated measurements from a single subject over a specific period of time to measure changes in behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs. Each single subject design includes at least one baseline (no treatment) phase and one treatment phase. As a result, the subject acts as his/her own no-treatment "control". In most single-subject designs, the dependent variable (behavior, attitude, or belief) is measured repeatedly at regular intervals throughout the baseline and treatment phases. If status on the dependent variable is stable within each phase of the study and changes only at the same time that the independent variable (treatment) is applied or removed, then it is likely that any observed change in the dependent variable is due to the effects of the independent variable rather than to history, maturation, or another extraneous factor.

Answer 687

A crisis in which the origin is a sudden, random, shocking, and often catastrophic event that cannot be anticipated or controlled. Factors that determine whether a person will experience such an event as a crisis include his/her perception or interpretation of the event and available coping mechanisms and social supports

Answer 688

Practice in which clients are charged for services according to their ability to pay rather than on a flat-fee basis

Answer 689

Charting system used in many medical and mental health professions that entails classifying client information according to the acronym, SOAP (Subjective information, Objective information, Assessments, and Plan)

Answer 690

An organized effort to bring about institutional change; the goal is usually to meet a certain need, address a social problem, correct an injustice, or improve quality of life. An effort may be organized by professionals or by the people who are directly affected by the desired change or the problem

Answer 691

Community organizing model that focuses on redistributing power and resources through institutional change. The client system is a segment of the community that has experienced social injustice and, therefore, has difficulty making demands in the larger society. Community power centers are the targets of social change

Answer 692

An organization or facility that delivers social services under the auspices of a board of directors and provides a range of social services for members of a population group that has or is vulnerable to a specific social problem

Answer 693

Social anxiety disorder involves intense fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual may be exposed to scrutiny by others. The individual fears that he/she will exhibit anxiety symptoms in these situations that will be negatively evaluated; he/she avoids the situations or endures them with intense fear or anxiety; and his/her fear or anxiety is not proportional to the threat posed by the situations. The fear, anxiety, and avoidance are persistent and cause clinically significant die stress or impaired functioning. Exposure with response prevention is an effective treatment, and its benefits may be enhanced when it is combined with social skills training or cognitive restructuring and other cognitive techniques

Answer 694

Professional reports that describe the social aspects of a client's functioning and his/her situation (i.e., social history) with a particular focus on the match or lack of match between a client's needs and the resources available to meet his/her needs. Used by social workers to communicate to other professionals (e.g., interdisciplinary teams, doctors, psychologist, school personnel, judges) relevant social information about a client (or family) and are particularly useful when decisions are being made about the type of service or program that would be most appropriate for a client and/or when attempting to facilitate a client's adjustment to a new environment (e.g., foster home, nursing home)

Answer 695

The collection of values, beliefs, and behaviors that are followed by the members of a society and that contribute to the well-being of all. Social capital tends to be higher when people's sense of community is strong

Answer 696

A social category of persons based on wealth, status, power, educational attainment and background

Answer 697

Ideology that assumes that income differences between the wealthy and the poor occurs because the wealthy inherently are "more fit"

Answer 698

Proposes that social behavior is the result of an exchange process. The purpose of exchange is to maximize benefits and minimize costs - people weigh the potential benefits and risks of social relationships, and when risks outweigh rewards, people end or abandon a relationship

Answer 699

A person's motivation, capacity, and opportunity to (A) meet his/her basic needs (including performing tasks necessary for daily living such as obtaining food, shelter, and transportation) and (B) perform his/her major social roles as defined by his/her community and culture. Information about a client's need-meeting activities and social role performance provides valuable information about his/her current level of social functioning, including strengths and deficits

Answer 700

Method of social work intervention involving small numbers of people with common interests or problems who meet regularly and engage in activities designed to achieve mutual goals. Unlike in group psychotherapy, the group's goals do not necessarily include the treatment of emotional problems. Goals may include information exchange, skills development, values clarification, etc. Techniques usually include discussion and may also include education, recreational activities,art, etc

Answer 701

Assessment tool used to identify a client's potential social supports with an emphasis on his/her perceptions and beliefs about them. Results can be used to help the client use his/her social supports more effectively

Answer 702

Networks that include individuals or groups linked by a common bond, shared social status, similar or shared funcions, or geographic or cultural connection. The develop and discontinue on an ad how basis, depending on specific need and interest. Types of social networks include support systems, natural social networks, self-help groups, and groups of formal organizations

Answer 703

The use of organized procedures to achieve improved socioeconomic structures and manage social change in a rational way. Usually includes assigning an individual or organization to collect facts, defining several courses of action, and making recommendations to those with the power to carry out the plan

Answer 704

Community organizing model that focuses on providing needed goods and services through a technical process that emphasizes fact-gathering, rational decision-making, and regulated change by experts, usually with the backing of an existing organization. The client system may include all residents of a geographic-spatial community or one of its segments. Community power centers are regarded as potential sponsors of social programs

Answer 705

Laws and regulations established by a government that determines which social programs exist, what categories of clients are served, and who qualifies for a program. Social policy also sets standards regarding the type of services to be provided, the qualifications of service providers, etc, and rules for how money can be spent to help people and how these people will be treated

Answer 706

Social (pragmatic) communication disorder involves persistent difficulties in the social use of language and nonverbal communication that limit effective communication, social participation, social relationships, academic achievement, or work performance. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) includes similar social communication deficits: If these deficits are present, a diagnosis of social (pragmatic) communication disorder can be made only if the person has never displayed the restricted/repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities that are associated with ASD

Answer 707

Federal legislation passed in 1935 and designed to help meet the economic needs of older people, dependent survivors, people with disabilities, and needy families. The two major provisions of the Act, in its original form, were a mandatory insurance program for workers funded by payroll taxes and matching employer contributions and a public assistance program financed by both federal and state treasuries

Answer 708

Exists when a child lacks the basic material, social, and psychological necessities of life (e.g., food, water, shelter, love and affection, medical care, educational stimulation, positive social interactions). Children (and adults) who lack all or some of these necessities are at risk for impaired development and other deficiencies. Two key sources of sociocultural risk are "social impoverishment" (lack of critical social resources in a child's life) and "cultural impoverishment" (values that undermine a child's healthy development)

Answer 709

Categorization of groups of people according to level of income or education, value orientation, location of residence, etc. (e.g. Upper, Middle, and Working classes

Answer 710

Solution-focused therapists believe that understanding the etiology or attributes of problem (maladaptive) behavior is irrelevant and focus, instead, on solution to problems. In therapy, the client is viewed as the "expert," while the therapist acts as a consultant/collaborator who poses questions designed to assist the client in recognizing and using his/her strengths and resources to achieve specific goals (e.g., the miracle question, exception questions, scaling questions)

Answer 711

Consists of sensory nerves that carry information from the body's sense receptors to the central nervous system (CNS) and motor nerves that carry information from the CNS to the skeletal muscles. The SNS governs activities that are ordinarily considered voluntary

Answer 712

Specific learning disorder is diagnosed when a person exhibits difficulties related to academic skills as indicated by the presence of at least on characteristic symptom that persists for at least six months despite the provision of interventions targeting those difficulties. The diagnosis requires that the individual's academic skills are substantially below those expected for his/her age, interfere with academic or occupational performance or activities of daily living, began during the school-age years, and are not better accounted for by another condition or disorder or other factors such as uncorrected visual or auditory impairment or psychosocial adversity

Answer 713

Specific phobia is characterized by intense fear or or anxiety about a specific object or situation, with the individual either avoiding the object or situation or enduring it with marked distress. The fear or anxiety is not proportional to the danger posed by the object or situation, is persistent (typically lasting for at least six months), and causes clinically significant distress or impaired functioning. The treatment-of-choice is exposure with response prevention (especially in Vito exposure)

Answer 714

Antidepressant drugs that include Prozac and Zoloft. Exert their effects by blocking the reuptake of serotonin. Side-effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, anxiety, headache, and anorexia. In comparison to the TCAs, the SSRIs are less cardiotoxic, safer in overdose, and less likely to produce cognitive impairments

Answer 715

The procedures used by an agency to improve the job-related knowledge, skills, and attitudes of its staff. In-service training and educational supervision are examples of staff development procedures

Answer 716

People in a community with a particular interest in what happens with a social agency or program; they may be for or against the service or program. For a typical social service, there are usually three kinds of stakeholders: (A) patrons (those who provide support and/or legitimacy for the service or program), (B) agents and the social service agency (those who carry out the patrons' wishes and provide the services), and (C) clients (those who receive the services)

Answer 717

Entails focusing on a client's priorities, including his/her primary concerns (what he/she considers important or wants to talk about) and current emotional state

Answer 718

Schemes about entire groups that contain oversimplified, rigid, and generalized impressions of members of those groups; these impressions are held despite the existence of individual differences among members of the group. A serious consequence of stereotyping is the devaluation of the individual which occurs when the people belonging to another group are no longer viewed as unique individuals - instead, all members of the group are presumed to have the same, often negative or inferior, characteristics

Answer 719

In operant conditioning, the process by which a behavior does or does not occur due to the presence (or absence) of discriminative stimuli. Positive discriminative stimuli signal that a behavior will be reinforced; negative discriminative stimuli (S-delta stimuli) signal that a behavior will not be reinforced

Answer 720

In classical conditioning, stimulus discrimination training is used to teach an organism to respond with a CR only in the presence of certain stimuli - i.e. In the presence of the original CS. Sometimes, when discriminations are difficult, the organism will exhibit "experimental neurosis" (i.e., it will exhibit unusual behaviors such as restlessness, aggressiveness, or fear)

Answer 721

In operant and classical conditioning, stimulus generalization refers to responding with a particular response to similar stimuli. In classical conditioning, it refers to responding to stimuli similar to the CS with the CR; in operant conditioning, the term is used to describe responding to stimuli similar to the discriminative stimuli with the target behavior

Answer 722

A normal deal response to strangers exhibited by young children. Begins at about 8 to 10 months of age and declines during the second year

Answer 723

Family therapy approach that focuses on transactional patterns and views symptoms as interpersonal events that serve to control relationships; focuses on symptom relief (rather than insight); and involves the use of specific strategies, especially paradoxical techniques and homework assignments. Influenced by structural family therapy, the communication/interaction school, and the work of Milton Erickson

Answer 724

An approach that requires attention to a client's (or community's) strengths and resources during assessment and intervention and serves as a counterbalance to the focus on problems, deficiencies, and pathology that characterizes many commonly used practice theories and models

Answer 725

A cognitive-behavioral technique used to help individuals cope with stressful and other aversive states by enhancing their coping skills. It includes three stages: cognitive (education), skills acquisition, and application

Answer 726

Family therapy approach that emphasizes altering the family's structure (rigid triangles, power hierarchies) in order to change the behavior patterns of family members. Involves joining the family system, evaluating the family structure, and then restructuring the family using several techniques such as enactment and reframing. Focus is on behavior change rather than achieving insight

Answer 727

Social work model that views the ineffectiveness of social situation as responsible for an individual's problems and attempts to help individuals change social circumstances that restrict their functioning. May involve linking clients with resources, changing social structures, etc.

Answer 728

A defense mechanism. A type of displacement in which an unacceptable impulse is diverted into a socially acceptable, even admirable, activity. Considered to be "mature" defense mechanism (i.e., it is common in "healthy" adults)

Answer 729

A written legal document requiring a person to appear in court to testify at a certain time and/or to produce certain written records

Answer 730

Subpoena requiring a witness who is called to bring to court, or to a deposition, any relevant documents he/she possesses

Answer 731

The substance-induced disorders include substance intoxication, substance withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The latter "are potentially severe, usually temporary, but sometimes persisting central nervous system (CNS) syndromes that develop in the context of the effects of substances of abuse, medications, or toxins" (APA, 2013. P. 487) and include, among others, substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder, substance/medication-induced depressive disorder, and substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorders

Answer 732

The substance use disorders are characterized by "a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems" (APA, 2013, p. 483) as manifested by at least two symptoms during a 12-month period. The characteristic symptoms can be categorized in terms of four groups: (A) impaired control (e.g., substance used in larger amounts or for a longer period of time than intended, persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use, craving for the substance); (B) social impairment (e.g., recurrent substance use despite persistent social problems caused or worsened by substance use, important activities given up due to substance use); (C) risky use (e.g., continued substance use despite knowing that doing so creates a physical or psychological problem); and (D) pharmacological criteria (tolerance, withdrawal)

Answer 733

An element or functional component that, is itself, a system but also plays a specialized role in the operation of a larger system. The family system differentiates and carries out its functions through the subsystems. In a family, subsystems include the individual, spouse, parent, and sibling

Answer 734

Term used to describe a less blatant (more covert) form of racism, which some authors contend has replaced "old-fashioned" (overt) prejudice and discrimination. Typically refers to the beliefs, attitudes, and actions of individuals rather than institutions

Answer 735

The unexpected death of an infant for which no physical cause can be found. Although the cause of SIDS is unknown, SIDS occurs more often in low-birth-weight infants, premature infants, infants with low Apgar scores, infants who sleep on their stomachs, infants with a sibling who previously died of SIDS, and male infants. Maternal risk factors include young age, low SES, smoking, drug abuse during pregnancy, closely spaced pregnancies, and inadequate prenatal care

Answer 736

A verbal message from a social worker that ties together functionally related elements that occur at different times in the helping process

Answer 737

An assessment of the final outcome of an intervention: also identifies factors that contributed to the relative success or failure of an intervention

Answer 738

Describes the research goal once a program has been developed and implemented - i.e., the goal is to evaluate the program's effects. Summarize evaluation results may be generalized to other programs, situations, and populations and used to make decisions about closing programs or opening other programs similar to the one that was evaluated

Answer 739

Associated with social welfare planning and administration. The amount of effort and time used to develop, maintain, and facilitate current relationships, power structures, and standard ways of operating in an organization

Answer 740

For Freud, the structure of the psyche that represents society's standards of right and wrong (the conscience) and the individual's own aims and aspirations (ego ideal). Develops at age 4 or 5 years, primarily as the result of identification with one's parents

Answer 741

Goals that can be achieved only when individuals or members of different groups work together cooperatively. These have been found useful for reducing intergroup conflict

Answer 742

A social security program. A federal income supplement program funded by general tax revenues (not social security taxes). SSI is designed to help aged, blind, and disabled people who have little or no income and provides cash to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter. Basic requirements for SSI eligibility involve citizenship, income, financial resources, age, and disability. Since the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, SSI eligibility is generally restricted to U.S. citizens living in one of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, or the Northern Mariana Islands. However, eligibility is still possible for noncitizen members of certain classes of refugees or asylees, active duty or retired military personnel and their families, and lawful permanent residents who have earned or can be credited with 40 quarters of social security covered employment

Answer 743

Counseling in which the emphasis is on providing reassurance, guidance, support, encouragement, explanation, and opportunities to express emotions and reinforcing a client's healthy and adaptive patterns of thought and behavior

Answer 744

Supervision function concerned with providing the psychological and interpersonal resources that enable workers to function effectively on an emotional level

Answer 745

An interrelated group of people, resources, and organizations that provide an individual with emotional, informational, material, and affection all support and can be called on in times of need. The members of a person's support system may include his/her family members, friends and other peers, coworkers, membership organizations, and institutions

Answer 746

Relationship-building activities used primarily in the initial phases of the change process to reduce a client's feelings of anxiety or guilt, increase his/her self-esteem, and instill a sense of hope. Examples include acceptance, reassurance, and encouragement

Answer 747

A theory about current, less blatant forms of racism that reflect a combination of anti-African-American attitudes, strong support for traditional American values (e.g., the work ethic), and a belief that African-Americans violate those values

Answer 748

The ability to use words, actions, and other symbols to represent objects and experiences. Emerges at the end of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development. Also referred to as "symbolic capacity"

Answer 749

Communication that occurs between equals and may escalate into a competitive one-upsmanship game

Answer 750

A relationship based on equality or sameness. Differences are minimized, role definitions are similar, and problems seem to stem from competition

Answer 751

The division of the autonomic nervous system involved in the mediation of flight or fight (emergency) reactions. Activation produces increased heart rate, pupil dilation, increased blood sugar, and inhibition of the digestive processes

Answer 752

A classical conditioning procedure based on counterconditioning (reciprocal inhibition). It involves pairing hierarchically-arranged anxiety-evoking stimuli with relaxation in order to eliminate the anxiety response

Answer 753

An approach to selecting intervention strategies for a client that entails choosing interventions from different practice perspectives, theories, and models based on how well they match a client's problem and the empirical research showing the interventions to be effective

Answer 754

Social security program that provides assistance and work opportunities to needy families by granting states federal funds and flexibility to develop and implement their own welfare programs. TANF places restrictions on recipients (e.g., most recipients must work after no more than two years on cash assistance, families receiving assistance for five cumulative years may become ineligible for cash aid)

Answer 755

Potentially irreversible extrapyramidal side-effect associated with long-term use of a first-generation (traditional) antipsychotic drug. Symptoms include rhythmical, stereotyped movements of the muscles of the face, limbs, and trunk (similar to Huntington's chorea). In some cases, symptoms are alleviated by a GABA agonist or by gradual withdrawal of the drug

Answer 756

Temporary groupings created to achieve a specific, predefined goal or function. At an agency, for example, task group meetings of various forms provide a forum for staff to exchange information and give and receive feedback and support, for tasks to be distributed, and for planning, decision-making, and problem-solving

Answer 757

Group that forms around a task rather than interpersonal relations. Typically short-term and aimed at a specific problem or task

Answer 758

Participatory management approach in which a team of workers is given responsibility for performing the primary tasks of supervision. The supervisor is just another member of the team, but has somewhat higher status - he/she acts as consultant, coordinator, and resource person and, when necessary, as a team leader. The group is authorized to make decisions but final decisions must be approved by the supervisor

Answer 759

Substances (e.g., alcohol, nicotine, lead, amphetamines and other drugs, certain medications) that cross the placental barrier and cause defects int he embryo or fetus. The different organs are most susceptible to the effects of teratogens at different times but, overall, exposure during the embryonic stage is most likely to cause major structural abnormalities

Answer 760

Community mental health intervention that attempts to reduce the duration of mental disorders by reducing their duration and consequences (e.g., rehabilitation programs and halfway houses)

Answer 761

According to McGregor, Theory X managers believe that employees dislike work and avoid it whenever possible and, as a result, must be directed and controlled. In contrast, Theory Y managers view work as being "as natural as play" and assume that employees are capable of self-control and self-direction

Answer 762

When a therapist uses a therapeutic paradox, he/she uses an intervention that may seem contradictory to the therapeutic objectives. Yet, the goal of the therapeutic paradox is to bring about desired change that is consistent with the goals of therapy. Prescribing the symptom is an example of a therapeutic paradox

Answer 763

Research on therapist-client matching in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture has shown that it increases the duration of treatment but does not have consistent effects on other therapy outcomes

Answer 764

Thinning refers to the process of reducing the proportion of reinforcements. Fading refers to the gradual removal of prompts

Answer 765

Monetary reimbursement made to the social worker, agency, or other provider of services to a client by an insurance company or government funding agency

Answer 766

A form of negative punishment in which the individual is removed from all opportunities for reinforcement for a pre-specified period of time following a misbehavior in order to decrease the occurrence of that behavior

Answer 767

Technique for collecting and displaying data that provides data from repeated observations over time. It displays trends in the variable(s) of interest, which can help predict future needs and cost based on assumptions about these trends

Answer 768

An amendment to the Social Security Act designed to prevent, reduce, or eliminate dependency on welfare and change how social services were delivered to low-income people. Under the Title XX ("Social Services Block Grant" - 1974), states started receiving funding for social service programs through block grants from the federal government which increased their flexibility in determining where to allocate the funds

Answer 769

Tourette's disorder is characterized by the presence of at least one vocal tic and multiple motor tics that may appear simultaneously or at different times, may wax and wane in frequency, have persisted for more than one year, and began prior to age 18

Answer 770

Structural family therapy technique in which the therapist helps the family elaborate the details of behaviors in order to clarify the nature of its problem. Permits the family a new and expanded version of reality, thereby taking the focus off of the identified or index patient

Answer 771

The practice of placing students into homogeneous groups or classes on the basis of current achievement levels. Research suggests that tracking is associated with negative effects, especially for lower-ability children who do better in heterogeneous groups

Answer 772

A client's experience of feelings, attitudes, fantasies, etc., toward the therapist, which represent a projection or displacement and repetition of reactions to a significant other person in the client's past. Freud considered transference to be a form of resistance and the cornerstone of psychoanalysis

Answer 773

The "artificial neurosis" that occurs during the course of psychoanalysis and that involves the development of transference

Answer 774

Used to fund some social security programs. Involve taking cash benefits from one group and redirecting them to another group (i.e., through withholding payroll money and placing it in the federal treasury, which then disburses the funds to the eligible group)

Answer 775

Prochaska and DiClemente's model of behavior change that proposes that change involves six stages: precontemplation (the person is unaware of his/her problem or unwilling to change it); contemplation (the person is considering the possibility of change but remains ambivalent); determination ( a person's decision all balance tips in favor of change and he/she becomes ready and determined to change); action (the person takes action to make the desired change); maintenance (the goals are to sustain the change accomplished through action and to prevent relapse); and relapse (may occur before the person achieves stable change and is considered a normal part of the change process, especially when a person is attempting to change a longstanding behavior or pattern

Answer 776

Originally developed to assist in research and training but are now considered a means of delivering empirically supported treatments (ESTs) to clients with specific disorders. Manuals have several advantages: They provide a theoretical framework for understanding a client's symptoms/disorder; offer concrete descriptions of therapy techniques; and present case examples that illustrate the appropriate application of the techniques. However, like practice guidelines, treatment manuals do not take into account a client's unique characteristics or the nonspecific factors that have been linked to positive treatment outcomes

Answer 777

The process in which a third person is introduced into a dyadic relationship to balance either excessive intimacy or distance and, thereby, provide stability in the system. Associated with the work of Bowen

Answer 778

According to Minuchin, a form of rigid triad involving usually two parents and a child. In triangulation, the two parents avoid conflict by involving the child, thereby stabilizing their own relationship. For example, each parent may demand that the child side with him/her in a conflict with the other. The child is then paralyzed, for no matter how he/she responds, he/she is defined by one of the parents as attacking. Although originally defined by Minuchin and others as it relates to the parents and a child, triangulation can refer to any triad in which the conflict of two individuals involves a third person in a way that immobilizes the third person in a loyalty conflict

Answer 779

The tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are believed to work by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. They are most effective for alleviating somatic, vegetative symptoms. Side-effects include anticholinergic effects, confusion, drowsiness, weight gain, and cardiovascular symptoms. Imipramine has also been found useful for treating enuresis, while clomipramine is an effective treatment for panic disorder, agoraphobia, bulimia nervousa, and OCD

Answer 780

Experimental research that provides the investigator with maximal experimental control. Most important, when conducting a true experimental research study, an investigator can randomly assign subjects to groups, which makes it easier to determine if observed variability in the dependent variable was actually caused by the different levels of the independent variable

Answer 781

Uncomplicated bereavement is included in the DSM-5 with other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention and is described as "a normal reaction to the death of a loved one" (APA, 2013, P.716). Uncomplicated bereavement may include symptoms of a major depressive episode, but the individual usually experiences the symptoms as normal and may be seeking treatment for insomnia, anorexia, to other associated symptoms

Answer 782

In classical conditioning, the response naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (US) without conditioning

Answer 783

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally elicits the target response (unconditioned response, UR) without conditioned. In Pavlov's original studies, meat powder was the US and salivation was the UR

Answer 784

A defense mechanism. Occurs when a person repeatedly engages in a behavior to undo the effects of a past action that he/she has found to be unacceptable. The behavior is typically the opposite of the unacceptable action

Answer 785

Social security program designed to provide partial income replacement to regularly employed members of the labor force who become involuntarily unemployed. Unemployment benefits are available as a matter of right (i.e., without a means test) to unemployed workers who have demonstrated their attachment to the labor force by a specified amount of recent work and/or earnings in covered employment. All workers whose employers contribute to or make payments in lieu of contributions to state unemployment funds are eligible if they become involuntarily unemployed and are able to work, available for work, and actively seeking work, and register at a public employment office. Workers must also meet the eligibility and qualifying requirements of their state's law. Workers who meet these eligibility conditions may be denied benefits if they are found to be responsible for their own unemployment. The benefit may be reduced if the worker is receiving certain types of income - pension, back pay, or workers' compensation for temporary partial disability. Unemployment benefits are subject to federal income taxes

Answer 786

Social service delivery policy in which benefits or services are provided in the same amount to all individuals in the nation rather than on the basis of need, circumstance, or economic status. This policy can take the form of universal programs, such as OASDI ("social security") and Medicare. Universal programs are open to everyone who falls into a certain category; people are not required to undergo tests of need or income

Answer 787

A form of reassurance that involves explaining to the client that his/her thoughts, feelings, or behavior are similar to those of other people in similar circumstances. The purpose is to counteract the client's perception that his/her feelings or behaviors are strange or abnormal

Answer 788

Method of service evaluation that assesses the kind and amount of service that exists and is provided in order to determine if the service is warranted. May be used to determine the over- or underutilization of services. Most often conducted when an agency receives governmental or other outside funding

Answer 789

The usefulness of a test - i.e., the extent to which a test measures what it purports to measure

Answer 790

Principles and standards of conduct for social workers, which include the following: (A) a commitment to the primary importance of the individual in society; (B) respect for the confidentiality of relationships with clients; (C) a commitment to social change to meet socially recognized needs; (D) a willingness to keep personal feelings and needs separate from professional relationships; (E) a willingness to transmit knowledge and skills to others; (F) respect and appreciation for individual and group differences; (G) a commitment to develop clients' ability to help themselves; (H) a willingness to persist in efforts on behalf of a client despite frustration; (I) a commitment to social justice and the economic, physical, and mental well-being of all persons in society; and (J) a commitment to a high standard of personal and professional conduct

Answer 791

In operant conditioning, an intermittent reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is applied after a varying amount of time (with the average time interval being predetermined). Associated with a smooth rate of responding

Answer 792

In operant conditioning, an intermittent reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is applied after a varying number of responses (with the average number of responses being predetermined). Associated with a high, stable rate of responding and the greatest resistance to extinction

Answer 793

Vascular neurocognitive disorder is diagnosed when the criteria for major or mild neurocognitive disorder are met, the clinical features are consistent with a vascular etiology, and there is evidence of cerebrovascular disease from the individual's history, a physical examination, and/or neuroimaging that is considered sufficient to account for his/her symptoms. This disorder often has a stepwise, fluctuating course with a patchy pattern of symptoms that is determined by the location of the brain damage

Answer 794

Consist of sleep disturbances, changes in appetite or weight, loss of energy or frequent fatigue, and changes in sexual function. Useful for diagnostic screening purposes because they may indicate a serious mental disorder. If a client reports vegetative symptoms, the social worker should find out whether they reflect a change from the client's pervious functioning

Answer 795

Money paid for services by a n insurance company or government agency to a social agency, institution, or independent professional. Medicaid is the largest vendor payment system in the U.S. The government usually applies the term "vendor payment" to payments made for individuals who cannot pay for the service themselves

Answer 796

Techniques used to assist clients to identify and appropriately express their feelings (e.g., techniques that encourage verbalization). Effective for establishing a foundation for self-exploration and rational discussion in work with a client because, once verbalized, a client's emotions become more accessible to support and reassurance from the social worker

Answer 797

Consists of external linkages that connect community units (people, groups, organizations) to units outside the community and provide a way for local communities to reach out to other systems (groups, organizations, other communities). Decisions made by organization outside the boundaries of a local community may not always be in the best interests of the community

Answer 798

Provided under the Social Security Act. Eligibility for most veterans benefits is based on discharge from active military service under other than dishonorable conditions for a minimum period specified by law. Many of the benefits and services provided to veterans were adopted to help war veterans readjust to civilian life. These benefits include, but are not limited to, disability compensation, benefits for survivors, health care, and educational assistance and training

Answer 799

The legal principle that civil liability may extend to a defendant's employer, supervisor, etc. A client who sues a social worker for malpractice may include the worker's agency and/or supervisor as co-defendants. In other words, by delegating tasks, a supervisor shares some of his/her authority with a supervised who may be empowered to make decision and take action when doing an assigned task. The supervision, however, retains ultimate responsibility for the work he/she assigns and delegates (i.e., if the work is performed incompetently, the supervisor is responsible for having delegated it to the worker who was not competent to perform it).

Answer 800

The notion that a person is responsible, at least to some extent, for being harmed, disadvantaged, etc. (e.g., believing that a poor person is too lazy to work).

Answer 801

Appropriate for individuals from birth to age 90 and designed to evaluate personal and social skills of individuals with intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, brain injury, or major neurocognitive disorders (i.e., dementia), and for assisting in the development of educational and treatment plans

Answer 802

HIV viral load is the number of copies of the human immunodeficiency virus in a person's blood and other parts of his/her body. Keeping the viral load low can reduce complications of HIV disease and extend a person's life. The CD4 out measures the number of CD4 cells in a sample of blood and is a good indicator of how strong a person's immune system is. The CD4 count is also useful for identifying the stage of a person's HIV disease. Keeping the CD4 count high can reduce complications of HIV disease and extend a person's life. (CD4 cells, also called T-helper cells, are a type of white blood cell that fights infection)

Answer 803

For example, Food Stamps, housing subsidy checks. Method of subsidizing a person's needs on the open market; the person is given vouchers to buy a specified service or product

Answer 804

A person's subjective response to stressful events. Is marked by an increase in anxiety, which the person attempts to relieve by using his/her customary coping strategies. If these are unsuccessful, the person's tension continues to rise and eventually he/she is unable to function effectively

Answer 805

Proposes that cognitive development is always firs interpersonal (when the child interacts with an adult or other teacher) and then intrapersonal (when the child internalizes what he/she has learned). Additionally, cognitive development is fostered when instruction targets the "zone of proximal development," which is defined by what the child can currently do alone and what he/she can accomplish with assistance from a parent, teacher, or more experienced peer.

Answer 806

A brief period of "small talk" that may be used at the beginning of an interview to help a client feel more comfortable before he/she begins self-disclosing. Is most appropriate to use when a client appears resistant or defensive and is also useful with many adolescent clients

Answer 807

The concept that social services should be available to all citizens. Various associated rights include the fair distribution of services and funds, confidentiality of client records, accessibility of information about available benefits to those who are eligible, etc.

Answer 808

Social security program that provides a combination of food, nutrition counseling, and access to health services to low-income women, infants, and children who are at nutritional risk. Among its goals are to improve fetal development and reduce the incidence of low birth-weight, short gestation, and anemia through intervention during the prenatal period. Participants receive food supplements, nutrition education, and access to health care services to maintain and improve their health and development. Most states provide WIC vouchers that can be used at authorized retail food stores for specific foods that are rich sources of nutrients. Pregnant and postpartum women, infants, and children up to age 5 are eligible. They must meet income guidelines and a state residency requirement and be determined to be at "nutritional risk" by a health professional

Answer 809

Social security program that provides benefits to individuals with injuries or diseases traceable to idustrial accidents and with certain occupational diseases. The benefits provided include periodic cash payments and medical services to the worker during a period of disablement, and death and funeral benefits to the worker's survivors. Lump-sum settlements are permitted under most programs

Answer 810

Working persons whose income and assets are low that they fall below the poverty line

Answer 811

Court ruling declaring that mental health inpatients who had been committed on civil grounds have a constitutional right to receive individual treatment that will give them a realistic opportunity to be cured or to improve their mental condition

Answer 812

Budgeting system in which an agency starts from scratch, or with a "clean slate," at the beginning of each year (i.e., it starts with no money) and must describe and justify every financial request it makes for the coming year