Clinical Manifestations - Exam One

Question 1

CM: change of bowel habits, occult or frank blood in stool, abdominal pain, bowel obstruction, anemia

Answer 1

Colorectal cancer-genetic and risk factors

Mechanism: cell transformation in mucosal epithelium of the bowel at the base of crypts.

Question 2

The mechanism of colorectal cancer…

Answer 2

At base of crypts, the cells transform and the mucosal epithelium is altered causing possible obstructions.

Question 3

Found mostly in children this Leukemia is very curable.

Answer 3

Acute lymphocytic leukemia - affecting the B and T lymphocytes

Question 4

CM: anemia, bruising, bleeding, bone pain, weight loss, fever, headache and vomiting

Answer 4

Leukemia
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia 
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia 
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia 
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Question 5

Primarily in adults, the mechanism of this disease lacks the ability to differentiate WBCs and RBCs.

Answer 5

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Question 6

The Philadelphia chromosome in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia mechanizes how…

Answer 6

Activates oncogene for unbridled cell growth.

Question 7

CM: persistent cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing up bloody sputum.

Answer 7

Lung Cancer

Affecting the epithelial lining of the lungs.

Question 8

CM: corpris “ring worm,” versicolor-hypo pigmentation, capitis- hair loss and breakage, pedis- maceration between and around the toes, cairis-erythema, itching, unguium- nail thickening and discoloration.

Answer 8

Tinea or fungal infection

Fungus attaches and then thickens the epithelial cells of the affected area

Question 9

CM: dysuria, urgency, frequency, hematuria, cloudy or purulent urine

Answer 9

UTI

Cell necrosis in the UT epithelium

Question 10

CM: sore throat, cough, nasal congestion, drainage, chills, fever, body aches, malaise

Answer 10

Influenza

Viral infection of epithelial cells if the airway, respiratory droplet transmission, necrosis

Question 11

CM: starts with fever, loss of appetite, GI issues, slow lymph node reactions
Continues with opportunistic infections likes thrush, PCP pneumonia etc

Answer 11

HIV/AIDs (virus infection/clinical infection)

Infection of the CD4 T helper cells and then the loss of cell-mediated and humoral immunity

Question 12

CM: depend on when the nondisjuncture of the X chromosome; short stature, gonadal failure, cardiac and kidney abnormalities, skeletal and soft tissue abnormality, hearing loss, learning and social problems.

Answer 12

Turner syndrome

Dec. life expectancy, diabetes and heart disease

Question 13

CM: jaundice, anemia, pain, organ damage due to poor clotting, infection, mostly related to proportion of circulation

Answer 13

Sickle cell anemia
Autosomal recessive inheritance
Single gene mutation (HbS) alters the shape of the blood cells.

Question 14

CM: hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, clot formation, stroke, possible worsening by environmental toxins

Answer 14

Cardiovascular disease

Airborne particles cause oxidative damage to the heart and blood vessels.

Question 15

CM: initial symptoms relative to normal aging, memory and language loss, confusion, restlessness, mood swings, difficult vision

Answer 15

Alzheimer’s disease
Senile plaques near the blood vessels in the brain affecting neuron function and neurofibrillary tangles degenerate brain cells

Question 16

CM: tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia (slow movement), postural instability

Answer 16

Parkinson’s disease

Neurons of basal ganglia affected by depleting dopamine stores and imbalanced neurotransmitters

Question 17

CM: vary from mild to severe

Shortness of breath, syncope, impaired cardiac function

Answer 17

Lessened heart function resulting in muscle growth to overcome failure.

Question 18

CM: heat, swelling, pain, loss of function (INFLAMMATION), blistering, redness, eschar, edema, exudate

Answer 18

Burns
Exposure type and time:
1. Superficial partial thickness
2. Deep partial thickness
3. Full thickness

Rule of 9!!!

Question 19

CM: involuntary movements, cognitive impairment, emotional disturbance

Answer 19

Huntington disease
Autosomal dominant disease
Progressive degenerative disorder, degeneration of basal ganglia and cortical regions of the brain.

Question 20

CM: None, but risk factors include early sexual activity, >3 sexual partners, HPV, smoking

Answer 20

Cervical metaplasia and dysplasia

Environmental stress causing a change in cell type or abnormal, undifferentiated growth

Question 21

CM: fractures, thinning of bone cortex resulting in weakness

Answer 21

Osteoporosis

Imbalance of bone remodeling. The resorption is favored to formation

Question 22

Etiology: reduced stimulation or injury

Answer 22

Cerebral atrophy

Focal or global CM

Question 23

CM: mental delay, altered facial features, cardiac function defects, GI malformation, leukemia, thyroid dysfunction

Answer 23

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Nondisjunction, inherited, mosaicism

Question 24

Go through the prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21

Answer 24

Nuchal translucency test - @10-14 weeks; 7/10 nondiagnostic

Quad test - blood tests over a series of weeks @16-20 weeks; 81% sensitivity and 5% false positive

Anatomical anomalies in ultrasound

Fetal karyotype

• chronic villa sampling ; 95% accurate - 1/100 result in abortion
• amniocentesis ; 99.5% accurate - 1/200 result in abortion

Question 25

CM: mild to debilitating. Non symmetrical joints. Pain. Stiffness. Inflammation. Decreased mobility.

Answer 25

Rheumatoid Arthitis

Chronic inflammation only the synovial membranes and synovial hyperplasia.