Week One

Question 1

Atrophy

Answer 1

Cell shrinkage

Eg muscle cell or brain

Question 2

Hyperplasia

Answer 2

Addition of organized cells along the basement membrane

Eg monthly period

Question 3

Hypertrophy

Answer 3

Cell expansion

Eg cardiac

Question 4

Metaplasia

Answer 4

Replacing normal cells with a different cell line

Can lead to CA

Eg cilia in a smokers lungs

Question 5

Dysplasia

Answer 5

Normal cells being replaced by immature cells

Can lead to CA

Eg cervical dysplasia

Question 6

Causes of Cell Injury or Death

Answer 6

Physical/Mechanical
Thermal
Chemical

Question 7

Define the mechanisms of cell death

Answer 7

Apoptosis: programmed cell death

Necrosis: death by external/internal means - not caused by cell

Question 8

Within an ischemic cell, what happens after the Na+ pump does not receive enough ATP?

Answer 8

Inc. Na+ intracellular (followed by water causing acute cell swelling)
Inc. K extra cellular (versus the 3:2 ratio)
Inc. Ca+2 intracellular

Question 9

With a lack of ATP in an ischemic cell, what effects follow increased glycolysis?

Answer 9

Dec. glycogen

Inc. lactate

Question 10

Describe a possible scenario involving fee radicals.

Answer 10

Inc. free radicals - cell stress - metaplasia or dysplasia - CA

Question 11

On the Pathophysiological Concept Map, what three questions should you ask yourself in regards to clinical modules?

Answer 11

What is the cause? (Etiology)
What is it doing? (Mechanism)
What are the signs and symptoms? (Clinical Manifestation)

Question 12

The beginning of a disease is also known as…

Answer 12

Pathogenesis

Question 13

Senescence

Answer 13

How the cells age

Question 14

What is the difference between developmental and stochastic theories?

Answer 14

Developmental theories have to do with genetics, DNA repair an immunological changes whereas the stochastic theories focus more on cumulative cell damage.

Question 15

Does normal aging cause disease?

Answer 15

NO!!!!!

Question 16

Describe Cellular Changes in normal aging.

Answer 16

Altered cellular adaptation

Accumulation of metabolic waste products - ischemia and free radicals

Question 17

Describe Appearance in normal aging.

Answer 17

Skin changes - thin and mess elastic
Vascular adaptations related to blood vessels lessen
Hair changes

Question 18

Describe fluid and electrolyte balance in normal aging.

Answer 18

Decreased total body water 
Body mass changes
Renal function dec. 
altered sodium balance
Blood vessels supplying to the kidneys harden over time

Question 19

Describe inflammatory response in normal aging.

Answer 19

The signs of inflammation are less visible.
Lower WBC count
Lower fevers (99.4)
Cumulative damage to immune system due to chronic disease and medication intake

Question 20

Describe the immune response in normal aging.

Answer 20

Diminished antigenic response (dec. T lymphocyte function, Thymus degeneration, dec. IgE mediated hypersensitivity, enhanced autoimmune response)
Delayed wound healing

Question 21

Describe proliferation changes in normal aging.

Answer 21

Inc cancer risk (impaired immunity, accumulated genetic mutations, carcinogen exposure, impaired DNA repair)

Question 22

Describe neurologic function in normal aging.

Answer 22

Alteration in cognitive, sensitive, pain, and motor response.

Question 23

Describe mobility in normal aging.

Answer 23

Bone mass reduction (osteopenia, osteoporosis, kyphosis, chondrocalcinosis)
Loss of lean body fat (sarcopenia)

Question 24

Describe perfusion in normal aging.

Answer 24

Dec elasticity of vascular smooth muscle
Increased after load
Left ventricular wall thickness leading to atherosclerosis
Dec pulmonary capillary density which limits oxygen availability

Question 25

In normal aging, the metabolic processes affect women by…

Answer 25

A loss of estrogen which could lead to osteoporosis.

Also, nutrition, metabolism, acid-base balance, and endocrine system are altered.

Question 26

In normal aging, elimination of renal and GI are affected how?

Answer 26

Reduced nephrons, dec renal blood flow, dec GFR func, renin and aldosterone levels are messing up the body’s water by salt, impaired drug excretion, possible urinary incontinence.

Constipation, diarrhea, fecal incontinence or impacting