Week Three

Question 1

What are the three lines of defense?

Answer 1

1. Innate resistance (epithelial barriers, mucosal membranes, GI and GU tract)
2. 5 Mononuclear Phagocytic System (nonspecific, monocytes and macrophage)
3. Inflammation (nonspecific)
4. Acquired/Adaptive Immunity (B and T cells!)

Question 2

Name the white blood cells

Answer 2

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells, monocytes/macrophage, dendritic cells, lymphocytes (B and T cells)

Question 3

Neutrophils are the …

Answer 3

First responders; once they perform phagocytosis, they die. If you test someone for neutrophil count and it’s higher than 5%, the band has “shifted to the left”

Question 4

Eosinophils …

Answer 4

have to do with allergic reactions and parasites.

Question 5

Basophils/Mast Cells

Answer 5

Works with mucosal surfaces, assists in the inflammatory response, secretes heparin, signals other cells

Question 6

Monocytes and Macrophage

Answer 6

1. Perform phagocytosis
2. Secrete cytokines (brings T cells)
3. Present antigen for T cells

Question 7

Dendritic Cells

Answer 7

Antigen Presenting; specific and nonspecific

Question 8

What are the chemical mediators in the immune system?

Answer 8

Complement (important signalling in the immune process), Kinins (important in feeling pain during inflammation), Clotting factors (stops bleeding), Cytokines and chemokines (signalling factors secreted by macrophage and lymphocytes)

Question 9

What are the three purposes of the inflammatory response?

Answer 9

1. Neutralize and destroy invading and harmful agents
2. Limit spread of harmful agents to other tissues.
3. Prepare damaged tissue for repair

Question 10

What five cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 10

1. Redness
2. Swelling
3. Heat
4. Pain
5. Loss of function

Question 11

What are the three processes of inflammation?

Answer 11

1. Increased vascular permeability
2. Emigration of Leukocytes
3. Phagocytosis

Question 12

In healing, define the primary and secondary intention.

Answer 12

Primary intention: approximated wound edges like a paper cut; the areas heal at the same time
2. Secondary infection: heals from the bottom up; higher risk of infection; more loss of function

Question 13

Localized vs. Systemic

Answer 13

Systemic manifestations are all the same for inflammation… look beyond those to the localized symptoms for the real answer

Question 14

T lymphocytes break up into two categories… explain down the line to MHC

Answer 14

Thelper1 and 2 cells use CD4 and MHC2 to identify antigens for presenting as well as releasing cytokines to call of B cells and Tcytotoxic cells.

Tcytotoxic cells use CD8 and MHC1 to present antigens as well as kill them.

Question 15

The third line of defense does three things…

Answer 15

1. Recognizes foreign invaders
2. Destroying foreign invaders
3. Remembering foreign invaders for next time

Question 16

Humoral Immunity …

Answer 16

B cells! (b-bop) Activation of the humoral immunity (for a second invasion) need the T cells to release cytokines to call the B cells over.

Question 17

Name the Antibodies and their functions.

Answer 17

IgG - Most common; works against toxins, bacteria, and viruses
IgM - First responder; activates complement, has to do with blood type reactions
IgA - works with mononuclear phagocytic system; defense against pathogens near mucosal surfaces
IgD - nobody knows.
IgE - allergy and parasite infection; activates mast cells to release histamines

Question 18

What are the overall functions of the Antibodies?

Answer 18

1. Precipation and Agglutination
2. Neutralization
3. Opsonization
4. Complement activation

Question 19

Active and Passive Immunity

Answer 19

Active Immunity you build up from every day life; Passive immunity is borrowed and short-lived, like IgA in colostrum, IgG in placenta, hep B Ab injections

Question 20

What are the six links in the chain of infection?

Answer 20

1. infectious agent
2. reservoir
3. portal of exit
4. means of transmission
5. portal of entry
6. susceptible host