Clinical Manifestations of Type I Hypersensitivity

Question 1

The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased greatly in developed countries in the last __ years, and it is estimated that __% of the world’s population has allergic sensitization to common environmental antigens such as pollen or peanuts

Answer 1

50; 40; pollen or peanuts

Question 2

fifth leading cause of chronic disease in all age-groups as well as the third leading cause of chronic disease in children

Answer 2

allergies

Question 3

clinical manifestations caused by release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells and basophils vary from a localized skin reaction to a severe systemic response

Answer 3

anaphylaxis

Question 4

If an allergen is inhaled, it is most likely to cause respiratory symptoms such as

Answer 4

asthma or rhinitis

Question 5

Ingestion of an allergen may result in ___________ _________, whereas injection into the bloodstream can trigger a systemic response

Answer 5

gastrointestinal symptoms

Question 6

most common form of atopy, or allergy; it
affects between 10% and 30% of populations worldwide. Symptoms include paroxysmal sneezing; rhinorrhea, or runny nose; nasal congestion; and itching of the nose and eyes

Answer 6

Rhinitis

Question 7

Although the condition itself is merely annoying, complications such as

Answer 7

sinusitis,
otitis media (ear infection),
eustachian
tube dysfunction, and
sleep disturbances may result

Question 8

examples of airborne foreign particles that act
directly on the mast cells in the conjunctiva and respiratory mucous membranes to trigger rhinitis

Answer 8

Pollen,
mold spores,
animal dander, and
particulate matter from house dust mites

Question 9

Seasonal allergic rhinitis, triggered by tree and grass pollens in the air during the spring in temperate climates, is called

Answer 9

“hay fever”

Question 10

*Greek word for “panting” or “breathlessness,” is caused by inhalation of small particles such as pollen, dust, or fumes that reach the lower respiratory tract.
*It can be defined clinically as recurrent airflow obstruction that leads to intermittent sneezing, breathlessness, and, occasionally, a cough with sputum production.

Answer 10

Asthma

Question 11

caused by bronchial smooth muscle contraction, mucosal edema, and heavy mucus secretion

Answer 11

airflow obstruction

Question 12

most common food allergies are caused by

Answer 12

cow’s milk,
eggs,
nuts,
soy,
wheat,
fish, and shellfish

Question 13

Symptoms limited to the gastrointestinal
tract include

whereas spread of antigen through the bloodstream may cause ____ and ____on the skin, asthma, rhinitis, or anaphylaxis

Answer 13

cramping, vomiting, and diarrhea;
hives and angioedema

Question 14

manifest as either acute urticaria or eczema

Answer 14

Local inflammation of the skin, or dermatitis

Question 15

appear within minutes after exposure to the
allergen and are characterized by severe itching, erythema (redness) caused by local vasodilation, leakage of fluid into the surrounding area, and a spreading area of redness around the center of the lesion

Answer 15

Urticaria, or hives

Question 16

Commonly called a whealand-flare reaction, this reaction is caused by release of vasoactive mediators from mast cells in the skin following contact with allergens such as pet dander or insect venom. When these reactions occur deeper in the dermal tissues, they are known
as

Answer 16

angioedema

Question 17

Urticaria can also appear as a result of other clinical manifestations such as

Answer 17

anaphylaxis and food allergies

Question 18

*can take on a variety of forms, from erythematous, oozing vesicles to thickened, scaly skin, depending on the stage of activity and age of the individual
*it is a chronic, itchy skin rash that usually develops during infancy, persists during childhood, and is strongly associated with
allergic rhinitis and asthma

Answer 18

Atopic eczema

Question 19

most severe type of allergic response because it is an acute reaction that simultaneously involves multiple organs. It may be fatal if not treated promptly

Answer 19

Anaphylaxis

Question 20

Coined by biologists ___ ___ and ___ ____ in 1902, the term literally means “without protection.”

Answer 20

Paul Portier and Charles Richet

Question 21

Anaphylactic reactions are typically triggered by

Answer 21

glycoproteins or large polypeptides

Question 22

Smaller molecules, such as ______, can trigger anaphylaxis by acting as haptens that may become immunogenic by combining with host cells or proteins

Answer 22

penicillin

Question 23

Typical agents that induce anaphylaxis include ____ from bees, wasps, and hornets; _____ such as penicillin; and ____ such as shellfish, peanuts, and dairy products

Answer 23

venom; drugs; foods

Question 24

Clinical signs of anaphylaxis begin within _____ after antigenic challenge and may include bronchospasm and laryngeal edema, vascular congestion, skin manifestations such as urticaria (hives) and angioedema, diarrhea
or vomiting, and intractable shock because of the effect on blood vessels and smooth muscle of the circulatory system

Answer 24

minutes

Question 25

_____ may result from asphyxiation because of upper-airway edema and congestion, irreversible shock, or a combination of these symptoms

Answer 25

Death

Question 26

multiple exposures result in additional accumulation of IgE on the surface of the

Answer 26

mast cells and basophils

Question 27

ignificant problem since the late 1980s after implementation of Universal Precautions by the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Occupational Safety and Health regulations requiring health-care workers to wear gloves when performing laboratory procedures and working with patients

Answer 27

Latex sensitivity

Question 28

Reactions to antigens in natural rubber latex include type__ hypersensitivity and contact dermatitis caused by skin irritation or type __ hypersensitivity

Answer 28

I ; IV

Question 29

Type I hypersensitivity reactions include

Answer 29

urticaria,
rhinoconjunctivitis,
asthma,
angioedema, and
anaphylaxis

Question 30

Sensitization to latex can occur as a result of direct skin contact or ______ __ _____ latex particles released when gloves are donned and removed.

The risk of the latter occurring is increased when ______ _____ is used in gloves because residual latex proteins can bind to the powder particles.

Answer 30

inhalation of airborne; cornstarch powder

Question 31

Groups at particular risk for latex allergy include

Answer 31

health-care workers;
rubber industry workers;
patients who have had multiple surgeries, such as children with spina bifida; and
atopic individuals, particularly those who are allergic to certain foods that cross-react with latex allergens.

Question 32

These policies may include use of low-protein, powder-free gloves or gloves made from non-latex materials such as

Answer 32

nitrile,
neoprene,
vinyl, or synthetic polyisoprene rubber