Treatment of Type I Hypersensitivity

Question 1

first line of defense

Answer 1

Avoidance

Question 2

Individuals can employ environmental interventions such as

Answer 2

encasing mattresses and pillows in allergen-proof covers and
removing a harmful food from the diet

Question 3

Localized allergic reactions, such as hay fever, hives, or rhinitis, can be treated with

Answer 3

antihistamines and decongestants

Question 4

Asthma is often treated with a combination of therapeutic reagents, including

Answer 4

antihistamines and bronchodilators

Question 5

In cases of persistent asthma

Answer 5

leukotriene receptor antagonists and mast cell stabilizers

Question 6

in severe cases of allergies

Answer 6

corticosteroids can be added to block recruitment of inflammatory cells and their ability to cause tissue damage

Question 7

Systemic anaphylaxis is a medical emergency that
requires timely injection of ______a powerful vasoconstrictor, to quickly reverse symptoms that could potentially be fatal.

Answer 7

epinephrine

Question 8

*Another treatment approach is aimed at modulating the type I hypersensitivity response through use of an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody called
*recombinant humanized antibody that is composed of human IgG framework genes recombined with complementarity determining region genes from mouse anti-human IgE. This antibody binds to the Cε3 domain of human IgE, which is the site that IgE normally uses to bind to FcεRI receptors.

Answer 8

omalizumab

Question 9

In addition, treatment with omalizumab has been shown to downregulate cellular expression of

Answer 9

FcεRI receptors

Question 10

to induce immune tolerance to a specific allergen
by administering gradually increasing doses of the allergen over time

Answer 10

allergy immunotherapy (AIT)

Question 11

This therapy is believed to shift the patient’s immune response to the allergen to a Th1-type of response and to induce the development of T regulatory cells (Tregs) that release

Answer 11

IL-10

Question 12

This cytokine redirects the immune system to produce allergen-specific IgG4 _______ antibodies that combine with the antigen before it can attach to IgE-coated cells and trigger degranulation.

Answer 12

“blocking”

Question 13

Development of immune tolerance to an allergen
means that the type I hypersensitivity response to the allergen is ______. This is achieved by AIT.

Answer 13

inhibited

Question 14

The standard practice for AIT has been to administer allergens _______ (i.e., under the skin) over __ to __ years.

Answer 14

subcutaneously; 3 to 5

Question 15

AIT has been shown to significantly reduce symptoms in patients with allergic ___or _____; however, it has the potential to induce _______and must be administered in a physician’s office.

Answer 15

rhinitis or asthma; anaphylaxis

Question 16

More recently, other routes of administration that pose decreased risk of severe adverse reactions have been used, namely

Answer 16

oral and sublingual (placement of allergen extract under the tongue)

Question 17

These methods of delivery have been shown to reduce symptoms associated with allergic asthma and rhinitis and to significantly decrease or eliminate
allergic reactions to certain food allergens such as

Answer 17

peanuts

Question 18

Researchers also are investigating the use of purified, recombinant ____ and ______, which have been chemically altered to reduce IgE epitopes

Answer 18

allergens and allergoids