CLINICAL MICROSCOPY Flashcards by Gay Amor Tipolo Gacang

The yellow color of urine is caused by the presence of a pigment, which Thudichum named

Urochrome

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Urochrome levels is standing urine sample at room temperature

Increase

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S.G of urine in patient with Diabetes mellitus

Increase/ Hypersthenuria

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S.G of urine in patient with Diabetes insipidus

Decrease/ Hyposthenuria

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Produces yellow foam in urine when shaken

Bilirubin and Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)

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Produces white foam in urine when shaken

Protein/albumin

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Major ORGANIC substance in urine

Urea

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Major INORGANIC substance in urine

Chloride

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The single most useful substance that identifies a fluid as urine is its uniquely high _________ concentration (approximately 50 times that of plasma)

Creatinine

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Defined as the density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water (SG 1.000) at a similar temperature

Specific gravity

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Principle of refractometer

Refractive index

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Refers to the index of the velocity of light in air / velocity of light in solution

Refractive index

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Preservative:

Most common and easiest Can be used for microbiological studies PRECIPITATES AMORPHOUS CRYSTALS

Refrigeration (up to 24 hours)

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Preservative:

Does not interfere with routine test

Toluene and Phenol

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Preservative:

Excellent sediment preservative Fixative for Addis counting

Formalin

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Preservative:

For automated instrument

Yellow plain UA

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Preservative:

For culture and sensitivity and protein testing

Boric acid

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Preservative:

Used for cytology

Saccomano (preferred) and Formalin

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Preservative:

Catecholamines (e.g epinephrine)

Concentrated HCL

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Preservative:

For quantitative analysis of steroids, hormones,

Acids (HCl, glacial acetic acid)

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Saccomano fixative

50% ETHANOL + 2%CARBOWAX (POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL)

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Analyte least affected or unaffected in unpreserved urine

Protein / albumin

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Trichomonads on unpreserved urine will ______ due to loss of characteristic motility and death

Decrease

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Urine colors:

Carotene

Orange

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Urine colors: Phenol when oxidized

blue-green or Green

Urine colors: Phenol derivatives

Black or Brown (Brunzel)

Urine colors: Rifampin

red or orange red

Urine colors: Myoglobin (25mg/dl), RBC, and beets

Red

Urine colors: Porphyrin

Port-wine or Burgundy Red

Urine colors: Fucsin /aniline dye in candy

Red

Urine clarity reporting: No visible particulates, transparent

CLEAR

Urine clarity reporting: Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

HAZY

Urine clarity reporting: Many particulates, print blurred through urine

Cloudy

Urine clarity reporting: Print cannot be seen through urine

Turbid

Urine clarity reporting: May precipitate or be clotted

Milky

Lab correlation in urine turbidity: Amorphous urates, radiographic contrast media

Acidic urine

Lab correlation in urine turbidity: Amorphous phosphates, carbonates

Alkaline urine

Lab correlation in urine turbidity: Amorphous urates, uric acid crystals

Soluble with heat

Lab correlation in urine turbidity: RBCs, Amorphous phosphates, carbonates

Soluble in dilute acetic acid

Lab correlation in urine turbidity: WBCs, Bacteria, yeast, spermatozoa

Insoluble in dilute acetic acid

Lab correlation in urine turbidity: Lipids, lymphatic fluid,chyle

Soluble in ether

Specimen volume

10 to 15 ml (average of 12ml)

Container capacity

50 ml

Types of specimen for glucose monitoring

a. first morning urine sample b. second morning urine sample c. 2-hours post prandial urine sample

Types of specimen for culture and sensitivity

a. Midstream clean catch b. Catheterized urine sample c. Suprapubic aspiration (especially for anaerobic microbes)

Used to differentiate kidney infections

Catheterized, ureteral collection technique

Used with patients (e.g infants and newborn) unable to urinate voluntarily * the patient is checked every 15 minutes to see if an adequate specimen has been collected.

Pediatric collection bag

For ease and convenience, routine screening. It is collected at any time, usually during daytime hours, and without prior patient preparation

Random urine

Used for quantitative measurements of analyte that shows diurnal/circardian variation (e.g hormones, proteins, glomerular filtration rate)

Time specimens

To obtain an accurate timed specimen, the patient must begin and end the collection period with an

empty bladder

In Time Specimens, All specimens should be _________ during the collection period and may also require addition of a chemical preservative

refrigerated or kept on ice

Preferred specimen for Urobilinogen measurement

Afternoon urine (2pm to 4pm)

Urine specimen for cytology

Suprapubic aspiration First morning Random urine “clean catch” with prior hydration

often preferred for cytology studies because the number of epithelial cells present can be significant

First morning

ideal for cytology

Random urine “clean catch”

Ideal specimen for screening microalbuminuria

12 hours urine specimen

For diagnosis of PROSTATIC INFECTION

Three glass collection

In three glass collection, what container is the first portion of urine?

1st container

In three glass collection, what container is for the midstream portion?

2nd container

In three glass collection, what container is the last portion of urine with prostatic fluid?

3rd container

a device used to measure urine S.G in the base of refractive index

Refractometer

Specimen volume for refractometer

1 drop

Requires correction for glucose and protein

Refractometer

A weighted float attached to a scale

Urinometer

How much urine volume does the urinometer requires?

10 to 15 ml

Requires correction for temp, glucose, and protein

Urinometer

Based on the principle that the frequency of a sound wave entering a solution changes in proportion to the density of the solution

Harmonic oscillation densitometry

It is rarely used today despite its ability to accurately and precisely determine urine specific gravity with linearity up to 1.080

Harmonic oscillation densitometry

the term to describe urine with a S.G of 1.010

Isosthenuric

term to describe urine with S.G of <1.010

Hyposthenuric/Diluted urine

term to describe urine with S.G of

>1.010

Normal random urine S.G

1.002 to 1.035

Condition Associated with urine S.G of greater than 1.035 or >1.040

Radiographic contrast dye/x-ray film, Dextran, and plasma expanders

Principle: Refractive index

Refractometer

Principle: Density

Urinometer / Hydrometer and Harmonic oscillation densitometry

Principle: pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte

Reagent strip

In refractometer and Urinometer S.G reading, for every 1 gram of glucose you need to subtract ___-

0.004

In refractometer and Urinometer S.G reading, for every 1 gram of protein you need to subtract

0.003

Formula for S.G Dilution = Diluted S.G x dilution Example: A specimen diluted 1:5 with a reading of 1.010 would have an actual S.G of__

1.050

Odor of urine

Urinod

Odor of urine: Asparagus, Garlic, Onion ingestion UTI, or increase urinary urea

Pungent odor or distinctive

Odor of urine: DM, and ketones

Fruity

Odor of urine: PKU

Mousy, musty, or Barny

Odor of urine: Acute tubular necrosis

Odorless

Odor of urine: Asparagus, garlic, and egg

Mercaptan

Odor of urine: Cystinuria

Sulfur / rotten egg

Odor of urine: Trimetylaminuria

Galunggong/ fishy odor/rotten fish

Odor of urine: AROMATIC, FRAGRANT

NORMAL

Odor of urine: UTI, Bacterial decomposition

AMMONIA-Like, Fetid

Odor of urine: MSUD

Maple syrup/ Caramel sugar

Odor of urine: Tyrosinemia

Rancid

Odor of urine: Isovaleric acidemia

Sweaty feet

Odor of urine: Methionine malabsorption

Cabbage, HOPS

Odor of urine: CONTAMINATION

BLEACH

Odor of urine: Hawkinsinuria

Swimming poo

Odor of urine: Hydroxymethylglutaric aciduria

Cat Urine

Odor of urine: Multiple carboxylase deficiency

Tom Cat

CLINICAL MICROSCOPY Flashcards

(97 cards)