Clinical Notes Flashcards
(36 cards)
Lesion to what nuclei can result in diabetes insipidus, increased water intake and increase in urination
Supraoptic/paraventricular nucleus
Lesion to what nuclei may modify or abolish circadian rhythms
Suprachiasmatic nucelus
Lesion to what nuclei would result in decreased aggression and feeding
Dorsomedial nucleus
Lesion to what nuclei would cause excessibe eating and abnormal weight gain
Ventromedial nucleus
Lesion to what nuclei would reult in an inability to process short-term events to long term memory
Medial mammillary nucleus
Lesion to what nuclei would reult in an inability to process short-term events to long term memory
Medial mammillary nucleus
What is an uncal herniation
Movement of the uncus and possibly the parahippocampal gyrus downward over the edge of the tentorium cerebelli leading to hemorrhagis lesion or tumor in the hemisphere
What are signs of uncal herniation
- Dilates pupil and abnormal eye movements (CN III) with double vision ipsilateral to the herniation
- Weakness of the extremities oppsite to the dilated pupil
- Respiration affected as it progresses, abnormal reflex appear & there is a potentially rapid decline
What is the neuroanatomical basis of Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Progressive degernation of the mammillary bodies, hippocampal complex & dorsamedial thalamic nucelus
What are the clinical manifestations of Korsakoff’s Syndrome
- Impedes the retention of newly acquired memory (short term memory does not become long term memory).
- Difficulty in understanding written material and conducting meaningful conversations
- Patient will confabulate, combine fragmented memories into a synthesized memory of an “event” that never occurred.
What can cause Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Thiamine deficiency, typically associates with chronic alcoholism
What are the clinical manifestations of hippocampal amnesia
Profound deficit in anterograde episodic memory (cannot learn new material), combined with spared procedural and working memory
What is Anosmia
Loss of smell due to viral infetion of the olfactory mucosa, obstruction of the nasal passages or may be congenital
What is the neuroanatomical basis for ansomia
Lesions due to shearing of CN1 or tumors in the floor of the anterior cranial fossa
What is Phantosmia (olfactory hallucination)
Distortion in a smell experience or the perception of a smell when no odor is present
What is the neuroanatomical basis of Phantosmia (olfactory hallucination)
Lesions of anterior/medial temporal lobe. Can also be a result of lesions to the hippocampus, amygdala or medial dorsal thalamic nuclei
What are the clinical manifestations of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
- Visual agnosia, inability to recognize an object by sight
- Hyperorality, tendency to examine objects by mouth
- Hypermetamorphosis, compulsion to intensively explore the immediate environment or overreact to visual stimuli
- Placidity, may not show fear or anger even when such a reaction is appropriate
- Hyperphagia, eating excessive amounts even when not hungry or when objects are not actually food
- Hypersexuality, suggestive behavior and talk with vague or ill-conceived attempts at sexual contact
Lesion to the amygdala results in what
Impared recognition of fear, anger & dsigust in facial expressions as well as vocal affect (fear, anger)
Lesion to the amygdala results in what
Impared recognition of fear, anger & dsigust in facial expressions as well as vocal affect (fear, anger)
What is Grave’s Disease and its sypmtoms?
How does it occur?
- Abnormal antibodies stimulate TSH receptors, increasing secretion of T3 and T4 from thyroid
- Symptoms:
- Elevated metabolism
- Sweating
- Rapid HR
- Weight Loss
- Eyeballs may protrude
- More common in women
What can cause a goiter?
- Thyroid enlargement due to iodine deficiency
- Follicular cells keep making thyroglobulin but cannot iodinize it to make T3 or T4
How does hypothyroidism occur?
What is its symptoms?
- Insufficient T3 and T4 production most likely due to an autoimmune disease
- Symptoms:
- Low metabolic rate
- Weight gain
- Lethargy
- Chilliness
- Edema
- Mental sluggishness
Addison’s Disease
What causes it?
What are its symptoms?
-
Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
- Blood glucose and sodium levels drop
- Causes: autoimmune disease or inherited metabolic disease leading to enzyme deficiencies
- Symptoms
- Hypotension
- severe dehyration
- Fatigue
- Loss of appetite
Cushing’s Syndrome
What causes it?
What are its symptoms?
- Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids
- Causes:
- ACTH secreting tumor in pituitary gland
- Tumor in adrenal cortex
- Symptoms:
- High serum glucose levels
- Protein loss in muscle
- Muscle weakness
- Lethargy
- Swollen Face
- Fat redistribution
- Depression of immune responses
