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NeuroEndo Exam 3 > Introduction to Endocrine System (Creamer) > Flashcards

Introduction to Endocrine System (Creamer) Flashcards

1
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

Cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to self receptors

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2
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

Cell produces a hormone or chemical messenger to induce changes in nearby cells

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3
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

A cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream. A signaling molecule is released by one cell, then travels through the bloodstream to bind to receptors on a distant target cell elsewhere in the body.

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4
Q

What is neuroendocrine signaling?

A

Release of a hormone from a nerve cell, typically into the bloodstream, which will have an effect on a cell in the periphery.

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5
Q

What hormones are released from the hypothalamus?

A

TRH, CRH, GnRH, PIF, GHRH, Somatostasin, Oxytocin, ADH

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6
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH/LH

ACTH

TSH

Prolactin

Endorphins

GH

FLAT PEG

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7
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin & ADH (Vasopressin)

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8
Q

What hormones are released from the thyroid?

A

T3, T4 &Calcitonin

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9
Q

What hormones are released from the parathyroid?

A

PTH

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10
Q

What hormones are released from the pancrease?

A

Insulin & Glucagon

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11
Q

What hormones are released from the adrenal medulla?

A

Norepinephrine & Epinephrine

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12
Q

What hormones are released from the kidney?

A

Renin & Calcitriol

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13
Q

What hormones are released from the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol

Aldosterone

Adrenal Androgens

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14
Q

What hormones are released from the testes?

A

Androgens (especially testosterone) & inhibin

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15
Q

What hormones are released from the ovaries?

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

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16
Q

What hormones are released from the corpus luteum?

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

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17
Q

What hormones are released from the placenta?

A

HCG

Estriol

Progesterone

hPL

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18
Q

What are the three general classes of hormones?

A

Protein/peptide

Steroid

Amines

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19
Q

Peptide hormones

  1. Synthesis
  2. Secretion
  3. Do they bind to circulating proteins
  4. Halflife & clearance
A
  1. Synthesized from preprohormone
  2. Stored in secretory vesicles in the cell of endocrine gland where they are released once gland is stimulated
  3. Very little
  4. Short half life & rapid metabolic clearance
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20
Q

Steroid hormones

  1. Synthesis
  2. Secretion
  3. Do they bind to circulating proteins
  4. Halflife & clearance
A
  1. Synthesized from cholesterol
  2. Lipid soluble so they diffuse through cell
  3. Yes
  4. > proteins, < amines & slower metabolic clearance rate
21
Q

What glands synthesize and secretes steroid hormones?

A

Adrenal Cortex

Gonads

Corpus Luteum

Placenta

22
Q

What are the two types of endocrine amines and what are they derived from?

A

Catecholamines & Thyroid hormones

Tyrosine

23
Q

Catecholamine hormones

  1. Synthesis
  2. Secretion
  3. Do they bind to circulating proteins
  4. Halflife & clearance
A
  1. Synthesized in cytosol
  2. Act through cell-membrane associated receptors
  3. Yes
  4. Longest half life and have very slow metabolic clearance rates
24
Q

Thyroid hormones

  1. Synthesis
  2. Secretion
  3. Do they bind to circulating proteins
  4. Halflife & clearance
A
  1. Synthesized and stored in thyroid gland
  2. Secrete through follicles and act through Nuclear receptors
  3. Yes
  4. Longest half life and slowest metabolic clearance rate
25
If a hormone has a high protein binding rate, does it have a slow or fast metabolic clearing rate?
Slow (Long-acting)
26
What is positive feedback?
1. Positive feedback is a process in which the end products of an action cause more of that action to occur in a feedback loop. This amplifies the original action
27
What is an example of positive feedback?
Ovulation Labor Contractions
28
What is negative feedback?
Occurs when high level of a particular hormone inhibits further secretion of that hormone, or where the result of a certain action may inhibit further performance of that action.
29
What is an example of major endocrine axes?
Hypothalamus --\> Anterior Pituitary ---\>Target Tissue
30
What is the first tier of the endocrine axes?
Hypothalamus
31
How is the first tier (hypothalamus) of the endocrine axes regulated
It is regulates at the level of neural input. Example is the Suprachiamatuc nucleus (SCN)
32
What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?
Impose a circadian rhythm
33
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Release melatonin which influences SCN on day/night cycle
34
What is up-regulation?
Increase number of receptors or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are low
35
What are ways to cause up-regulation?
Increase synthesis of new receptors Decrease the rate of degradation of existing receptors Activate current receptors
36
What is down-regulation?
Reducing number of receptors or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are high
37
What are ways to cause down-regulation?
Decrease receptor synthesis Increase the rate of degradation of existing receptors Deactivate current receptors
38
What are the major mechanisms of hormone action on target cells
1. Adenylyl cyclase 2. Phospholipase C 3. Steroid hormone 4. Guanylyl cyclase 5. Tyrosine kinase
39
What is the Adenylyl cyclase mechanism
**GPCR** 1st messenger: hormone Primary effector: adenylyl cyclase 2nd messenger: cAMP --\> 5' AMP Secondary effector: Protein Kinase A
40
What hormones use the adenylyl cyclase mechanism
ACTH LH FSH TSH
41
What is the Phospholipase C mechanism
**GPCR** 1st messenger: hormone Primary effector: Phospholipase C 2nd messenger: IP3/DAG/Ca2+ Secondary effectpr: PKC or calmodulin
42
What hormones use the Phospholipase C mechanism
GnRH, TRH & oxytocin
43
How do steroid hormones work?
After steroid hormones bind to cytosol/nuclear receptors, the complex binds to DNA to activate certain genes to produce new protein (hormone).
44
What hormones use the steroid hormone mechanism
Glucocorticoids Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone Aldosterone Thyroid hormones
45
What is the Guanylyl cyclase mechanism
Conversion of GTP to cGMP. cGMP activates cGMP kinase resulting in the relaxation of smooth muscles
46
What hormones use the guanylyl cyclase mechanism
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Nitric Oxide (NO)
47
What do the tyrosine kinase receptors do
When activated they phosphorylate downstream proteins
48
What hormones use the Tyrosine kinases mechanism
Insulin Growth hormone Prolactin

NeuroEndo Exam 3 (16 decks)

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