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NeuroEndo Exam 3 > Hypothalamus and Limbic Systems (Dennis) > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Limbic Systems (Dennis) Flashcards

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1
Q

The hypothalamus is inferior to the _____, forms walls & floor
of _______. Anatomically, part of the ______, but
functionally, part of the ______.

A

Inferior to the thalamus, forms walls & floor
of 3rd ventricle. Anatomically, part of the diencephalon, but
functionally, part of the limbic system.

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2
Q

What does the Hypothalamus regulate

A
  • Basic drives (motivated, goal-directed behavior)
  • Emotional or affective behavior
  • Homeostasis
  • ANS
  • Has endocrine function

Food intake/body weight, fluid &
electrolyte balance, body temperature

  • Sexual & reproductive behavior*
  • Sleep–wake cycles/circadian rhythms*
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3
Q

What is the anterior (rostral) border of the hypothalamus?

A

Optic Chiasm

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4
Q

What is the posterior (caudal) border of the hypothalamus?

A

Midbrain (tegmentum/PAG)

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5
Q

What does the hypothalamus continue into?

A

Infundibular stalk and posterior pituitary

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6
Q

Are mammillary bodies found on the anterior or posterior part of the hypothalamus?

A

Posterior

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7
Q

What is the tuber cinereum?

A

Small swelling between optic chiasm and mammillary bodies & tract

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8
Q

What is the median eminence?

A

Arises from tuber cinereum and eventually becomes infundibulum, attached to pituitary gland

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9
Q

What divides the hypothalamus into functional medial and lateral zones

A

Fornix

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10
Q

Which hypothalamic zone contains scattered neurons which carry two-way traffic?

A

Lateral zone

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11
Q

Which of the hypothalamic zone contains the majority of hypothalamic nuclei?

A

Medial zone

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12
Q

What are the functional areas within the medial zone aof the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior area

Middle/Tuberal area

Posterior area

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13
Q

Where is the median forebrain bundle located

A

Lateral zone of the hypothalamus

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14
Q

Damage to what structure leads to a decrease in feeding behavior with a loss in weight

A

Median forebrain bundle

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15
Q

What are the nuclei located in the Anterior Area of the hypothalamus

A
  • Supraoptic/paraventricular nucleus
  • Suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • Anterior nucleus
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16
Q

Lesion to what nuclei can result in diabetes insipidus, increased water intake and increase in urination

A

Supraoptic/paraventricular nucleus

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17
Q

Lesion to what nuclei may modify or abolish circadian rhythms

A

Suprachiasmatic nucelus

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18
Q

What are the nuclei found in the Middle/Tuberal Area of the hypothalamus

A
  • Ventromedial nucleus
  • Dorsomedial nucleus
  • Arcuate nucleus
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19
Q

Lesion to what nuclei would cause excessibe eating and abnormal weight gain

A

Ventromedial nucleus

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20
Q

Lesion to what nuclei would result in decreased aggression and feeding

A

Dorsomedial nucleus

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21
Q

What nucleus is found in the Posterior Area of the hypothalamus

A

Medial mammillary nucleus

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22
Q

Lesion to what nuclei would reult in an inability to process short-term events to long term memory

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A

Medial mammillary nucleus

23
Q

What is the limbic system

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A

Bridge connecting endocrine, visceral, emotional and voluntary responses to the environment

24
Q

What constitutes the limbic system

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A
  • Subcallosal Area
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Parahippocampal gyrus
  • uncus
  • hippocampal formation
  • subcortical structures (hippocampus, amygdala and septal nuclei)
25
What structures are the anatomical basis for emotional, drive-related and motivated aspects of behavior
Hypothalamus & limbic system
26
What makes up the hippocampal formation aka Hippocampus
Subiculum Hippocampus proper (ammon horn) Dentate gyrus
27
What is the hippocampal formation important for
Learning & memory
28
What is the afferent pathway of the hippocampal formation
Dentate gyrus --\> CA3 --\> CA1 --\> Subiculum
29
What is the fferent pathway of the hippocampal formation
Fibers of the subiculum & hippocampus proper --\> fimbria --\> fornix
30
Where does the fornix project information from the hippocampus, specific to learning & memory
* Medial mammillary nucleus * Ventromedial nucleus (dorsal thalamus) * anterior nucleus (dorsal thamalmus) * Septal nuclei * Frontal cortex * Preoptic & anterior nuclei (hypothalamus) * nucleus accumbems
31
What is an uncal herniation
Movement of the uncus and possibly the parahippocampal gyrus downward over the edge of the tentorium cerebelli leading to hemorrhagis lesion or tumor in the hemisphere
32
What are signs of uncal herniation
* Dilates pupil and abnormal eye movements (CN III) with double vision ipsilateral to the herniation * Weakness of the extremities oppsite to the dilated pupil * Respiration affected as it progresses, abnormal reflex appear & there is a potentially rapid decline
33
What is the neuroanatomical basis of Korsakoff's Syndrome
Progressive degernation of the mammillary bodies, hippocampal complex & dorsamedial thalamic nucelus
34
What are the clinical manifestations of Korsakoff's Syndrome
* Impedes the retention of newly acquired memory (short term memory does not become long term memory). * Difficulty in understanding written material and conducting meaningful conversations * Patient will confabulate, combine fragmented memories into a synthesized memory of an "event" that never occurred.
35
What can cause Korsakoff's Syndrome
Thiamine deficiency, typically associates with chronic alcoholism
36
What is the neuroanatomical basis of hippocampal amnesia
Bilateral lesions of the hippocamp
37
What are the clinical manifestations of hippocampal amnesia
Profound deficit in anterograde episodic memory (cannot learn new material), combined with spared procedural and working memory
38
What is Anosmia
Loss of smell due to viral infetion of the olfactory mucosa, obstruction of the nasal passages or may be congenital
39
What is the neuroanatomical basis for ansomia
Lesions due to shearing of CN1 or tumors in the floor of the anterior cranial fossa
40
What is Phantosmia (olfactory hallucination)
Distortion in a smell experience or the perception of a smell when no odor is present
41
What is the neuroanatomical basis of Phantosmia (olfactory hallucination)
Lesions of anterior/medial temporal lobe. Can also be a result of lesions to the hippocampus, amygdala or medial dorsal thalamic nuclei
42
What are the anatomical connections bewteen the olfactory and limbic system
Hippocampus amygdala meial dorsal thalamic nuclei
43
What is the role of the amygdala
- Attaches emotional significance to a stimulus - Regulates visceral responses to emotional stimuli, including pain - Regulates emotional responses to food (pleasant smell stimulate appetite & unpleasent smells suppress appetite)
44
Lesion to the amygdala results in what
Impared recognition of fear, anger & dsigust in facial expressions as well as vocal affect (fear, anger)
45
What are the efferent pathways of the amygdala and what do they target
**Stria Terminalis:** Target hypothalamus, Ventral Striatum & Septal Nuclei **Amygdalofugal Pathway:** Target hypothalamus, Ventral Striatum, Septal Nuclei & cerebral cortex, including the frontal, prefrontal, cingulate & inferior temporal cortical areas
46
What is the neuroanatomical basis of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Bilateral temporal lobe lesions that abolish amygdaloid complex
47
What are the clinical manifestations of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
* Visual agnosia, inability to recognize an object by sight * Hyperorality, tendency to examine objects by mouth * Hypermetamorphosis, compulsion to intensively explore the immediate environment or overreact to visual stimuli * Placidity, may not show fear or anger even when such a reaction is appropriate * Hyperphagia, eating excessive amounts even when not hungry or when objects are not actually food * Hypersexuality, suggestive behavior and talk with vague or ill-conceived attempts at sexual contact
48
Where is the ventral tegmental area located
In the midbrain, medial to the substantia nigra
49
What is the role of the VTA & what neurons does it house
Important in reward and motivation, may contribute to addiction. Houses doapminergic neurons
50
What does the VTA makes connections with
Ventral Striatum Amygdala Other limbic structures
51
What is the nucleus accumbens and where is it located
Important in behaviors related to addcition and chronic pain Located in forebrain, near continuation of causate and putamen
52
What is the Septal Nuclei and where is it located
Plays a role in reward/pleasure as well as control of rage. Located rostral to anterior commissure
53
What is the Papez circuit
The neuroanatomical basis for emotional attachments to memory and emotional experiences which involve reciprocal interactions between the diencephalon and cerebral cortex

NeuroEndo Exam 3 (16 decks)

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