Clinical nutrition

Question 1

6 classes of nutrients

Answer 1

• protein
• fat
• carbohydrates
• minerals
• vitamins
• water

Question 2

Vitamin purposes

Answer 2

• energy metabolism
• biochemical reactions

Question 3

factors determining water intake

Answer 3

• diet
• exercise
• temperature

Question 4

macrominerals

Answer 4

greater dietry requirement than microminerals
- calcium, magnesium

Question 5

which amino acid do cats need in diet

Answer 5

taurine
(cats are obligate carnivores)

Question 6

excess protein problems

Answer 6

liver/kidney problems

Question 7

protein deficiency problems

Answer 7

• poor growth, muscle and weight
• dull coat
• reduced immunity
• oedema (hypoalbuminemia)

Question 8

fat purpose

Answer 8

• energy
• enhance palatability
• source of essential fatty acids
• neural development

Question 9

fat deficiency problems

Answer 9

• energy deficiency
• essential fatty acid deficiency (dry skin)

Question 10

fibre purpose

Answer 10

• indigestible polysaccharides (cellulose, lignin)
• bulk to faeces (prevents constipation and diarrhoea)
• regulates glucose levels
• empties anal glands
• role in correction of obesity

Question 11

WASVA

Answer 11

body condition scoring

Question 12

Basal energy requirement (BER)

Answer 12

amount expended during sleep, fundamental body function, thermoneutral environment

Question 13

resting energy requirement (RER)

Answer 13

energy expended for recovery from physical activity and feeding
- hospitalised patients

Question 14

maintenance energy requirement (MER)

Answer 14

energy required by moderately active animal
- not included:energy for growth, work, lactation

Question 15

metabolisable energy (ME)

Answer 15

• found on diet information
  kcal/100g

Question 16

RER calculation for animals <2kg and >45kg

Answer 16

70 X (bwt kg) ^75

Question 17

RER calculation

Answer 17

30 X (bwt kg) +70

Question 18

maintenance calculation for healthy animal with lifestyle factor

Answer 18

RER X lifestyle factor

Question 19

safe weight loss percentage

Answer 19

1-2% per week

Question 20

obesity consequences

Answer 20

• hepatic lipidosis
• joint disease
• exercise intolerance
• diabetes
• skin disease
• cardioresp disease
• FLUTD

Question 21

obesity diets

Answer 21

• joint health
  
  • glucosamine and chondroitin
• L-carnitine
  
  • encourages use of fat for energy and reduces fat storage
  • reduces risk of hepatic lipidosis in cats)

Question 22

GI disease diet

Answer 22

• highly digestible proteins and starch
• MOS (monooligosaccharides)
• FOS/beet pulp
• EPA- eicosapentaenoic acid
• psyllium
• low fat/high energy
  
  • <8% fat

Question 23

hypoallergenic diet

Answer 23

• useful for inflammatory bowel disease
• hydrolysed protein or novel protein
• skin barrier (B vitamins, aa, zinc, linoleic acid)
• omega 3

Question 24

peridontal disease stage 1

Answer 24

• normal

Question 25

pancreas function

Answer 25

synthesises and excretes digestive enzymes

Question 26

pancreatitis

Answer 26

premature activation of digestive enzymes within acinar cells resulting in autodigestion - inflammatory cycle begins with addition of neutrophils - can lead to renal failure

Question 27

pancreatitis clinical signs

Answer 27

- vomiting - abdominal pain - anorexia - lethargy

Question 28

pancreatitis treatments

Answer 28

- supportive= IVFT, antiemetics, analgesia - nutrition - don't fast due to hypercatabolic state- causes increase in systemic inflammation - early enteral nutrition

Question 29

early enteral nutrition function in pancreatitis

Answer 29

- first 48hrs after admission - reduced bacterial translocation - villus atrophy - reduced pancreatic inflammation

Question 30

parenteral nutrition

Answer 30

nutrition via IV

Question 31

pancreatitis- enteral feeding (tube feeding)

Answer 31

- avoid hugh fat diet due to concurrent hyperlipidemia - prepyloric feeding well tolerated

Question 32

Orthapedic diet

Answer 32

- balanced diet for normal skeletal development/maintenance - bigger breeds take longer to development

Question 33

Osteoarthritis

Answer 33

- articular cartilage degradation - progressive - ageing cats and dogs

Question 34

Joint dysplasia

Answer 34

- genetic condition - medium to large breeds - swelling, pain arthritis

Question 35

Orthapedic diet

Answer 35

- weight management - omega 3 fatty acids - reduce inflammation - found in green lipped mussel - glucosamine - cartilage formation and repair - reduce inflammation - slow cartilage degeneration

Question 36

diabetes dietary aims

Answer 36

- support in maintaining normal serum glucose - decrease prostprandial glucose peaks - achieve normal metabolism of carbs, fats anf proteins - normal bodyweight - consider senior status

Question 37

postprandial

Answer 37

post feeding

Question 38

diabetes diet

Answer 38

- protein restriction - 15-25% DMB dog - 28-50% DMB cat - low fat (prevents insulin resistance) <20% DMB - soluble carbohydrates= <30% DMB - high insoluble carbohydrates (fibre)

Question 39

hyperthyroidism

Answer 39

can hide concurrent chronic renal failure - due to higher bp and glom filtration - most common in older female cats

Question 40

hyperthyroidism diet

Answer 40

- restrict iodine (required for production of thyroid hormone) - 0.2ppm iodine DMB

Question 41

cardiac disease diets

Answer 41

- no specific diet for all cardiac diseases - mild sodium restriction= reduces heart overload - maintain optimum BCS - monitor cachexia - amino acids (taurine in cats) - L-carnitine, arginine

Question 42

cachexia

Answer 42

decreased muscle mass due to disease