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CVNT 2 > Equine alimentary diseases and surgery > Flashcards

Equine alimentary diseases and surgery Flashcards

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1
Q

colic

A

abdominal pain

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2
Q

colic clinical signs

A
  • rolling
  • pawing
  • flank watching
  • lip curling
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3
Q

clinical exam of cardiovascular status

A
  • HR, rhythm
  • resp rate, temp
  • PCV, total protein, lactate
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4
Q

clinical exam of abdomen

A
  • auscultation (divide into 4 quadrants)
  • transabdominal ballottement (foals)
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5
Q

clinical exam of rectum

A
  • distention, impaction, displacement
  • can only feel part of abdomen
  • risk of tear
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6
Q

colic clinical exams

A
  • cardiovascular status
  • abdominal exam
  • rectal exam
  • stomach tube
  • ultrasound
  • abdominoparacentesis
  • gastroscopy
  • faecal exam
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7
Q

stomach tubing for colic

A

gastric overfilling due to obstruction of SI

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8
Q

mouth exam for dental disease

A
  • watch horse eat
  • palpate
  • sedate, mouth gag
  • wash out
  • torch, mirror
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9
Q

oesophageal obstruction/choke causes

A
  • bad luck
  • eating too fast
  • dry food
  • poor dentition
  • mass
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10
Q

clinical signs of choke

A
  • neck extended
  • food discharge from nose, cough, gag
  • over time= dehydrated, acid/base imbalance, weight loss
  • aspiration pneumonia
    can lead to= rupture, stricture due to scar tissue, diverticulum long term (pouch)
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11
Q

diagnosis of choke

A
  • auscultation
  • cardiovascular parameters (TPR)
  • bloods
  • gastroscopy
  • ultrasound/radiography
  • stomach tube (naso-oesophageal)
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12
Q

choke treatment

A
  • relieve obstruction without causing damage or aspiration
  • sedate so head is low, reducing risk of aspiration
  • stomach tube, lavage
  • check obstruction cleared with gastroscope
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13
Q

gastroduodenal ulceration

A
  • inflammation, erosion, ulceration
  • grades 0-4
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14
Q

gastroduodenal ulceration causes

A
  • imbalance between inciting and protective factors
    inciting factors: HCl, bile acids, pepsin
    protective factors: mucosal blood flow, prostoglandin E, epidermal growth factor production
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15
Q

gastroduodenal ulceration risk factors

A
  • empty stomach, exercise (splashing of gastric juices), diet, stress, NSAIDs
  • ## feed before exercise
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16
Q

gastroduodenal ulceration clinical signs

A

none -> a lot
- poor appetite, recurrent colic, tooth grinding, dog sitting, poor performance

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17
Q

gastroduodenal ulceration diagnosis

A

gastroscopy
- difficult in foals (size of nostril)

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18
Q

gastroduodenal ulceration treatment

A
  • depends on cause/adult v foal
  • adults= omeprazole
  • foals= sucralfate
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19
Q

gastric dilation and rupture causes

A
  • primary, secondary, idiopathic
    primary= impaction, grain engorgement
    secondary= SI or LI obstruction, ileus (inability to contract)
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20
Q

gastric dilation and rupture clinical signs

A
  • overfilling of stomach
  • acute colic
  • tachycardia
  • fluid from nose (just before rupture)
  • dehydration
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21
Q

gastric dilation and rupture diagnosis

A
  • clinical signs
  • stomach tube/reflux
  • colic work up
  • gastroscopy
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22
Q

gastric dilation and rupture treatment

A
  • stomach tube (immediately)
  • treat underlying cause
  • Iv fluids, nutrition
  • electrolyte balance maintenance
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23
Q

anterior enteritis

A
  • inflammatory disease affecting proximal SI
  • also called duodentitis-proximal jejunitis
  • undetermined cause
    risk factor- recent diet change
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24
Q

anterior enteritis clinical signs

A
  • hypersecretion in proximal SI
  • inflammation causes function ileus
    • no muscular propulsion
  • distended SI and stomach
  • pyrexia
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25
anterior enteritis diagnosis
- colic investigation - raised protein levels in peritoneal fluid - reflux/stomach tube - culture of reflux
26
anterior enteritis treatment
- repeated gastric decompression - antibiotics (penicillin, gentamicin) - Iv fluids/nutrition - ex lap= SI decompression
27
malabsorption and maldigestion of SI
- many types of inflammatory type diseases can cause it clinical signs: weight loss
28
SI malabsorption and maldigestion diagnosis
- abdominoparacentisis - ultrasound - oral glucose tolerance test (doesn't absorb so levels stay low) - laparoscopic biopsy
29
SI malabsorption and maldigestion treatment
- depends on diagnosis and cause - possible resection, corticosteroids
30
SI simple obstruction def and causes
simple= obstruction of lumen without vascular comprimise - food (ileal hypertrophy) - tapeworm swells junction between ileum and caecum and causes blockage of food - ascarid impaction (worms block the lumen)
31
SI strangulation def and causes
simultaneous occlusion of intestinal lumen and blood supply - pedunculated lipoma (attached to mesentry) - epiploic foramen entrapment - SI volvulus (twist) - mesenteric rent (hole) - inguinal/diaphragnatic hernia - intussusception
32
SI obstruction leads to...
- gastric overfilling (risks rupture) - deterioration of intestinal mucosa - intestine dies - sepsis - endotoxaemia
33
SI obstruction clinical signs
- colic (severe as gut dies, eases when gut dead) - reflux - tachycardia - hypovolaemia - distended SI on rectal exam - peritoneal fluid= serosanguinous, protein, lactate
34
SI obstruction treatment
- surgery or euthanasia - rarely, ileal impaction can clear
35
caecum simple obstruction
- caecal impaction primary or secondary: - primary= underlying motility disorder - secondary= young horses after painful orthopaedic procedures
36
caecal impaction clinical signs
- colic - can just rupture - lower faecal output - looks sad
37
caecal impaction diagnosis
- clinical signs/history - rectal exam - abdominoparacentesis
38
caecal impaction treatment
- medically if possible - oral/Iv fluids - surgery (typhlotomy or caecal bypass)
39
caecal intussusception
- inflammation secondary to tapeworm - clinical signs: colic
40
caecal intussusception diagnosis
- rectal - ultrasound (potential donut) - peritoneal fluid (could be normal)
41
LI obstruction examples
simple- impaction, displacement strangulating- torsion
42
LI impaction def and causes
- usually at pelvic flexure - blockage of food material causes: poor teeth, long fibre, motility disorder, box rest, sand
43
LI impaction clinical signs
- mild colic (can be chronic) - reduced faecal output
44
LI impaction diagnosis
- clinical signs - rectal
45
LI impaction treatment
- oral fluids and cathartics (pull more water into gut) - analgesia - eventually surgery
46
LI displacement
- gases up and travels to the wrong place - can correct itself, remain displaced or torse
47
LI displacement diagnosis
- rectal - ultrasound - abdominoparacentesis
48
LI displacement treatment
- fluids - analgesia - for nephrosplenic entrapment= phenylepherine then lunge (shrinks spleen) - surgery
49
LI torsion clinical signs
- strangulation - extreme pain - distended abdomen - respiratory compromise
50
LI torsion treatment
immediate surgery
51
acute inflammatory LI diarrhoea causes
- salmonellosis - colitis - parasites - neoplasia
52
acute non-inflammatory LI diarrhoea causes
- excitement - food hypersensitivity - toxicity
53
LI diarrhoea diagnosis
- cardiovascular parameters - rectal - ultrasound - abdominoparacentesis
54
LI diarrhoea treatment
- hydration - electrolytes - anti-endotoxic - treat underlying cause - plasma - TAKE CARE OF THEM (spend time with them, clean up)
55
small colon impaction
- foreign body (plastic bag) - difficult to diagnose (diarrhoea and colic)
56
peritonitis
- inflammation of peritoneal cavity
57
colic clinical signs that indicate surgery
- severe behavioural signs despite analgesia - absence of faeces - HR >60 - poor MM colour - reduced/no gut sounds on auscultation - rectal= distention, displacement - increased PCV, protein, lactate - positive reflux (>2L) - ultrasound= distended intestines - discoloured, turbid peritoneal fluid
58
prep of horse for colic surgery
- jugular catheter placement - decompress stomach with nasogastric tube - admin of analgesia - iv fluids to support circulation - clip abdomen - remove shoes/tape feet - rinse mouth
59
SI strangulation obstruction
- maroon -> purple -> black - mucosa becomes permeable to endotoxin which leaks into peritoneal cavity and circulation - can cause ileus
60
post op care of colic patient
- colic check/exam every 2-4 hours - analgesia - antimicrobials - IV fluids - belly bandage - monitor for complications - nasogastric intubation to check for reflux
61
potential post op complications of colic
- pain - pyrexia - laminitis (secondary to endotoxaemia)
62
post op feeding of colic patient
- significant reflux= nil by mouth, Iv fluids - when reflux has ceased, begin with small vol of water (5cm depth bucket) - grass is good first solid food, then gradually introduce hay - return to normal vol over 3 days
63
post op exercise for colic patient
- box rest for 6 weeks with short hand walks - ensure no incisional problems - turn out in small paddock at 6 weeks - ridden exercise can take place after 3 months
64
endotoxaemia as post op complication
- tachycardia/pnoea - pyrexia -> hypothermia - hyperaemic MM -> dark purple - colic signs, dullness
65
ileus as post op complication
- nasogastric intubation, gastric decompression - IV fluids, supplement with electrolytes if needed
66
jugular thrombophelbitis as post op complication
- remove catheter - anti-flamm treatment - thrombolytics (aspirin) - antibiotics?
67
long term complications of post op colic patient
adhesions

CVNT 2 (33 decks)

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