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MCD Cell Pathology > clinical pathology > Flashcards

clinical pathology Flashcards

cancer: define terms associated with cancer including, cancer, neoplasm, tumour, metastasis, carcinogen; list features which distinguish benign from malignant tumours, and pathological features that may predict prognosis, recall examples of carcinogens and the cancers they may cause, recall principles of cancer screening

1
Q

define tumour

A

any kind of mass-forming lesion

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2
Q

types of tumour

A

neoplasm, hamartoma, inflammatory

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3
Q

define neoplasm

A

autonomous growth of tissue which has escaped normal constraints of cell proliferation

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4
Q

types of neoplasm

A

benign and malignant

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5
Q

define benign

A

remains localised

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6
Q

define malignant

A

invades locally and/or spreads to distant sites

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7
Q

define cancers

A

malignant neoplasms

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8
Q

define hamartoma

A

localised, benign overgrowth of one or more mature cell types (i.e. lung)

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9
Q

hamartoma abnormalities

A

architectural not cytological as contains malformed normal tissue

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10
Q

define heterotopia

A

normal tissue found in place not normally present (i.e. pancreas in stomach wall)

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11
Q

how are neoplasms classified

A

based on cell origin and whether benign or malignant

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12
Q

define teratoma

A

tumour derived from germ cells

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13
Q

what do teratomas contain

A

immature/mature/cancerous tissue derived from all 3 germ cell layers

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14
Q

4 differences between benign and malignant tumours

A

invasion, metastasis, differentiation, growth pattern

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15
Q

benign vs malignant: invasion

A

malignant is a direct extension into adjacent tissue/other structure by breaking through basement membrane

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16
Q

benign vs malignant: metastasis

A

all malignant tumours have capacity to metastasise and spread via blood to other parts of body

17
Q

define cytological

A

how much do the tumour cells resemble the cells of its derived tissue, including function

18
Q

benign vs malignant: differentiation

A

tumour cells have larger nuclei so higher nuclei:cytoplasmic ratio and more (abnormal) mitoses, as well as marked nuclear pleomorphism (variability in nuclear size and shape)

19
Q

define architectural

A

how much does the tumour architecture resemble derived tissue

20
Q

benign vs malignant: growth pattern

A

tumours have less well defined architecture, benign grow relatively slowly

21
Q

can a benign tumour turn into a malignant tumour

A

yes

22
Q

5 routes of malignant neoplasm (cancer) spread

A

direct extension, haematogenous, lymphatic, transcoelomic, perineural

23
Q

malignant neoplasm (cancer) spread: direct extension

A

associated with stromal response to tumour (includes fibroblastic proliferation “desmoplastic response”, vascular proliferation angiogenesis and immune response)

24
Q

malignant neoplasm (cancer) spread: haematogenous

A

usually venules and capillaries as thinner walls; most sarcomas metastasise first via blood stream

25
Q

malignant neoplasm (cancer) spread: lymphatic

A

via lymphatics to lymph nodes and beyond; spread pattern dictated by normal lymphatic drainage of organ; most epithelial cancers metastasise first via lymphatics

26
Q

malignant neoplasm (cancer) spread: transcoelomic

A

seeding of body cavities; commonest are pleural (intrathoracic) and peritoneal (intra-abdominal)

27
Q

malignant neoplasm (cancer) spread: perineural

A

via nerves

28
Q

3 methods to assess tumour spread

A

clinically, radiologically, pathologically

29
Q

describing tumour spread (TNM)

A

tumour (size/extent of local invasion), nodes (no. lymph nodes involved), metastases (presence of distant metastases)

30
Q

prognosis of tumour: grade and spread

A

grade (how differentiates tumour is) is less important for prognosis than stage (how far tumour has spread using TNM)

31
Q

define carcinogen

A

agent that causes genetic damage and induces neoplastic transformation of cells

32
Q

chemial carcinogen types

A

inducers, promoters and direct

33
Q

radiation carcinogen types

A

UV, ionising EM

34
Q

microbial carcinogen types

A

DNA oncogenic viruses, RNA viruses, bacteria (e.g. Helicobacter)

MCD Cell Pathology (12 decks)

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